Leaf-mine: Rather long full depth corridor that winds freely through the leaf and may cross itself. In the end the corridor widens considerably. Frass mostly in a narrow central line, but may also be deposited along the sides or be missing. The larvae regular leave a mine to restart elsewhere. Pupation outside the mine. Neither larva nor mine can be distinguished from that of related species (Bladmineerders van Europa).

The initial mine is a shallow upper surface mine, which then becomes full depth, with a more marked line of frass (British leafminers).

Larva: The larva is illustrated in British leafminers and Bladmineerders van Europa.

Pupa: Details unknown.

Comments: Stachys officinalis is treated as Betonica officinalis (Betony) by Stace (2010).

Hosts in Britain:

Hosts elsewhere:

Time of year - larvae: Spring (British leafminers).

Time of year - adults: Unknown.

Distribution in Great Britain & Ireland: Widespread including Anglesey, Ayrshire, Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Berwickshire, Brecon, Cheshire, Cumberland, Derbyshire, Dorset, Dumfrieshire, Durham, East Cornwall, East Gloucestershire, East Kent, East Norfolk, East Suffolk, East Sussex, Flintshire, Glamorgan, Herefordshire, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Isle Of Man, Isle Of Wight, Kirkudbrightshire, Leicestershire, Merionethshire, Mid-west Yorkshire, Middlesex, Monmouthshire, North Devon, North Essex, North Lincolnshire, North Somerset, North Wiltshire, North-east Yorkshire, North-west Yorkshire, Northamptonshire, Northumberland South, Nottinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Pembrokeshire, Radnorshire and Roxburgh (NBN Gateway - N.B. includes Watsonian Vice Counties having publicly available records that fall within or overlap the vice county border at 10km resolution or better i.e. a record for a vice county may relate to an adjacent vice county - for included datasets see NBN Grid map below).

Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland (Audisio in Fauna Europaea).

NBN Grid map: Note that not all datasets on the NBN Gateway may be available on the map below. If you are an NBN Gateway registered user you can request access for missing datasets via the link 'Open interactive map in new window' below.

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Ukraine (Audisio in Fauna Europaea).

NBN interactive distribution map(s) of known host species in Great Britain and Ireland and elsewhere:

Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: Unknown.

Biodiversity Heritage Library
Bladmineerders van Europa
British leafminers
Encyclopedia of Life
Fauna Europaea
NBN Gateway