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Leaf-mine: An irregular serpentine mine tending to be restricted by veins within
segments of the leaf and undulating between upper and lower surface.
Corridor;
usually the mine begins with a short upper-surface stretch, then
continues lower-surface, in the sponge parenchyma. Often the mine
follows the midrib or a thick lateral vein for long distances. Most
mines are found in the basal half of the leaf. Frass in thread fragments
and strings. Pupation outside the mine (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
The
mine is also illustrated in British
leafminers.
Larva:
Posterior spiracles of the larva with 6-9 bulbs (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Puparium:
Puparium yellow to reddish-brown (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Video:
Liriomyza huidobrensis (Bayer CropScience)
Comments:
A highly polyphagous pest of ornamental and vegetable crops occasionally
intercepted at UK points of entry. The species has been found under
glass in England and Wales, but all populations have been and continue
to be eradicated (Dom Collins, pers. comm.). Hosts cited
here include 128 plant genera in 34 plant families.
Liriomyza
huidobrensis is listed in the European Community Plant Health
Directive (2000/29/EC). As a non-native notifiable pest species,
its occurence in the United Kingdom should be notified immediately
to the Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate (tel: +44 (0) 1904 462000,
e-mail: info@fera.gsi.gov.uk
) However, in order to be certain of the identity, the male genitalia
should be critically examined. Diagnostic protocols may be found
at /protocols/liriomyza.pdf
See
also Collins (1996).
Parella
and Bethke (1984)
discuss the biology of L. huidobrensis on Chrysanthemum,
Aster and pea and Prando and
Cruz (1986) discuss aspects
of its biology in the laboratory. Linden (1991)
discusses the biological control of the leafminer on Dutch glasshouse
tomatoes.
Joan
Childs discovered this miner in Pisum sativa (pea) imported
from Nicaragua, at a shop in Potton in Bedfordshire in January 2005
(British
leafminers).
Chenopodium
ambrosioides is treated as Dysphania
ambrosioides (Mexican-tea); Lycopersicon
esculentum is treated as Solanum
lycopersicum (Tomato) and Picris
echioides is treated as Helminthotheca
echioides (Bristly Oxtongue) by Stace (2010).
Hosts:
Liriomyza huidobrensis is recorded from Acanthaceae,
Aizoaceae,
Alstromeriaceae,
Amaranthaceae,
Apiaceae, Asteraceae,
Balsaminaceae,
Boraginaceae,
Brassicaceae,
Campanulaceae,
Caryophyllaceae,
Chenopodiaceae,
Cucurbitaceae,
Fabaceae, Gentianaceae,
Goodeniaceae,
Lamiaceae,
Liliaceae,
Linaceae, Malvaceae,
Oxalidaceae, Papaveraceae,
Polemoniaceae,
Primulaceae,
Ranunculaceae, Scrophulariaceae,
Valerianaceae and Violaceae.
Time
of year - mines: Unknown.
Time
of year - adults: Unknown.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Found under glass in England
and Wales, but all populations have been and continue to be eradicated
(Dom Collins, pers. comm.); Surrey (NBN
Gateway - N.B. includes Watsonian Vice Counties having publicly
available records that fall within or overlap the vice county border
at 10km resolution or better i.e. a record for a vice county may
relate to an adjacent vice county - for included datasets see NBN
Grid map below).
Added
to the Irish list by O'Connor, Dunne and Hume (1990).
NBN Grid map: Note that not all datasets on the NBN Gateway may be available on the map below. If you are an NBN Gateway registered user you can request access for missing datasets via the link 'Open interactive map in new window' below.
Distribution
elsewhere: Worldwide. Europe including Austria, Belgium, Canary
Is., Corsica, Crete, Cyclades Is., Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dodecanese
Is., European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland,
Hungary, Italian mainland, Malta, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese
mainland, Sicily, Spanish mainland, Switzerland and The Netherlands
(Martinez in Fauna
Europaea).
Native
to the Americas (Spencer, 1990).
Recorded from Belize, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador,
Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Argentina, Brazil,
Goias, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Easter Island,
Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, U.S.A.
(California, Florida, Hawaii, Utah, Virginia), Canada (Ontario),
Hawaii, Easter Island, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius, Reunion,
Seychelles, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, China, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong,
Guizhou, Hebei, Shandong, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, India, Uttar
Pradesh, Indonesia, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Israel, Japan, Korea
Dem People's Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Comoros,
Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, Reunion, Seychelles, South Africa, Zimbabwe,
Australia and Guam (CABI
Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, 2002, Map 568).
NBN
interactive distribution map(s) of known host species in Great Britain
and Ireland and elsewhere:
| Alcea
rosea, Allium
cepa, Allium
porrum, Allium
sativum, Allium
schoenoprasum, Ambrosia
artemisiifolia, Anaphalis
margaritacea, Apium
graveolens, Arctium
minus, Atriplex
patula, Bellis
perennis, Beta
vulgaris, Bidens
pilosa, Borago
officinalis, Brassica
napus, Brassica
oleracea, Brassica
rapa, Calendula
officinalis, Callistephus
chinensis, Capsella
bursa-pastoris, Capsicum
annuum, Carthamus
tinctorius, Chenopodium
album, Chenopodium
ambrosioides (= Dysphania
ambrosioides),
Cichorium endivia, Cicer
arietinum, Cichorium
intybus,
Cirsium arvense, Citrullus
lanatus, Coriandrum
sativum, Cucumis
melo, Cucumis
sativus, Cucurbita
maxima, Cucurbita
pepo,
Dahlia pinnata, Datura
stramonium, Daucus
carota, Dianthus
barbatus, Dianthus
caryophyllus, Galega
officinalis, Galinsoga
ciliata, Galinsoga
quadriradiata, Glycine
max, Gypsophila
elegans, Gypsophila
paniculata,
Lactuca sativa, Lathyrus
latifolius, Lathyrus
odoratus, Linum
usitatissimum, Lycopersicon
esculentum, Medicago
sativa, Melilotus
indicus, Nicotiana
alata, Papaver
rhoeas, Pastinaca
sativa, Petroselinum
sativum, Petunia
axillaris x hybrida, Phaseolus
coccineus, Phaseolus
vulgaris, Picris
echioides (= Helminthotheca
echioides), Pisum
sativum, Primula
vulgaris, Raphanus
sativus, Senecio
jacobaea, Solanum
nigrum, Solanum
tuberosum, Sonchus
oleraceus, Spinacia
oleracea, Tagetes
erecta, Tagetes
tenuifolia, Taraxacum
officinale, Tetragonia
tetragonoides, Tropaeolum
majus, Vaccaria
pyramidata, Vicia
faba, Viola
tricolor |
Parasitoids
in Britain and elsewhere:
| Chrysocharis
orbicularis (Nees, 1834) |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Chrysocharis
pentheus (Walker, 1839) |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Chrysocharis
pubicornis (Zetterstedt, 1838) |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Cirrospilus
vittatus Walker, 1838 |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Diglyphus
crassinervis Erdös, 1958 |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Diglyphus
isaea (Walker, 1838) |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Diglyphus
minoeus (Walker, 1838) |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Hemiptarsenus
ornatus (Nees, 1834) |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Neochrysocharis
formosa (Westwood, 1833) |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Pediobius
metallicus (Nees, 1834) |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Pnigalio
soemius (Walker, 1839) |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Cyrtogaster
vulgaris Walker, 1833 |
Hymenoptera:
Pteromalidae |
| Halticoptera
circulus (Walker, 1833) |
Hymenoptera:
Pteromalidae |
| Halticoptera
patellana (Dalman, 1818) |
Hymenoptera:
Pteromalidae |
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