Leaf-mine: Larva forming short linear mine in single section of a frond. Pupation external (Spencer, 1972: 58).

Large, very transparant blotch, with primary and secondary feeding lines. In the centre a concentration of black frass. Mines can coalesce, and then contain several larvae. At the start of the mine, at the leaf underside, a white egg shell. However, the larva can leave its mine and restart elsewehere, therefore mines without an egg shell may occur as well (Bladmineerders van Europa).

A small marginal upper surface gallery in a single section of frond (British leafminers).

Larva: The larva is illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.

Puparium: Details unknown.

Comments: The record from Polypodium vulgare (Spencer, 1972: 109) requires confirmation.

Hosts in Britain:

Hosts elsewhere:

Time of year - mines: August.

Time of year - adults: June, August.

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Widespread in Britain including Dunbarton (Bonhill) (Spencer, 1972: 58); Caernarvonshire, Glamorgan, Huntingdonshire, South Hampshire, Stafford and West Kent (NBN Gateway - N.B. includes Watsonian Vice Counties having publicly available records that fall within or overlap the vice county border at 10km resolution or better i.e. a record for a vice county may relate to an adjacent vice county - for included datasets see NBN Grid map below).

Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland: Co. Clare (Spencer, 1972: 58).

NBN Grid map: Note that not all datasets on the NBN Gateway may be available on the map below. If you are an NBN Gateway registered user you can request access for missing datasets via the link 'Open interactive map in new window' below.

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread througout Europe (Spencer, 1990: 9) including Austria, Germany, Sweden (Spencer, 1973b), Finland (Spencer, 1976: 296), Denmark (Soenderup, 1949, although this requires confirmation - see Spencer, 1976: 296), The Netherlands (Bladmineerders van Europa), Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia (Martinez in Fauna Europaea).

NBN interactive distribution map(s) of known host species in Great Britain and Ireland and elsewhere:

Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: