Angelica - [Apiaceae]

ANGELICA. Angelicas. [Apiaceae]

Three species of Angelica are recorded in Britain - Wild Angelica (A. sylvestris), Garden Angelica (A. archangelica) and Portuguese Angelica (A. pachycarpa). Only the former is native.

Five Diptera miners, the agromyzids Phytomyza angelicae, Phytomyza angelicastri and Phytomyza archangelicae and the tephritids Cryptaciura rotundiventris and Euleia heraclei, are recorded on Angelica in Britain.

Elsewhere the agromyzids Phytomyza aquilegiae, Phytomyza archangelicae and and the tephritid Cryptaciura rotundiventris and Euleia heraclei are recorded mining Angelica. In addition the agromyzids Phytomyza heracleana and Phytomyza pastinacae are doubtfully recorded on Angelica.

The agromyzid Melanagromyza angeliciphaga is recorded boring stems of Angelica, Heracleum and Pastinaca in Britain and elsewhere.

The agromyzid Melanagromyza sativae is recorded boring stems of Angelica and other Apiaceae in Britain.

The agromyzid Liriomyza lutea is recorded feeding in the seed-heads of Angelica and Pastinaca in Britain.

Only one non-Diptera miner, Epermenia chaerophyllella, is recorded on Angelica in Britain and elsewhere (see below).

A key to the European miners, based on characteristics of the mines, immature stages and where relevant the larval cases, recorded on Angelica is provided in Bladmineerders van Europa. This includes Epermenia chaerophyllella, Euleia heraclei, Cryptaciura rotundiventris, Phytomyza archangelicae, Phytomyza angelicastri, Phytomyza angelicae and Phytomyza pastinacae but not Phytomyza heracleana.

N.B. The key to mines below includes mines recorded on Ammi, Angelica and Petroselinum (Apiaceae).

Key for the identification of the mines of British Diptera recorded on
Angelica, Ammi and Petroselinum

Note: Diptera larvae may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, or a blotch mine, but never in a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Pupation never in a cocoon. All mining Diptera larvae are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue. In some corridor miners frass may lie in two rows on alternate sides of the mine. In order to vacate the mine the fully grown larva cuts an exit slit, which is usually semi-circular (see Liriomyza huidobrensis video). The pupa is formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).

1a > Leaf-miner: Blotch mine

1b > Leaf-miner: Linear mine.

2a > Leaf-miner: A large blotch, yellow or brown, preceded by a short, in the end mostly unrecognisable corridor. Generally several larvae in the mine. Especially in fresh mines the green primary and feeding lines area well marked. Pupation outside the mine.

On Angelica and possibly Arctium and Heracleum in Britain. Widespread but very rare in Britain. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland and throughout Europe, except in the south.

Cryptaciura rotundiventris (Fallén, 1814) [Diptera: Tephritidae].

2b > Leaf-miner: A large blotch, yellow or brown, preceded by a short corridor that in the end mostly is completely overrun. Generally several larvae share a mine. Especially in fresh mines the green primary and secondary feeding lines are well visible. Pupation outside the mine. Puparium yellow.

On numerous genera of Apiaceae and possibly some Asteraceae in Britain and elsewhere, including Angelica in Britain. Throughout the British Isles. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland and most of the Palaearctic region, as far east as Afghanistan.

Euleia heraclei (Linnaeus, 1758) [Diptera: Tephritidae].

2c > Leaf-miner: Larva forms an upper surface primary blotch with several larvae feeding together; the blotch is greenish when fresh but becomes yellowish with age (Spencer, 1972: 78 (fig. 257); Spencer, 1976: 376, 377 (fig. 655)). Round or oval blotch, green at first, later yellowish. Young mine are interparenchymatous, only the older mines are truly full depth. Generally several larvae in a communal mine. Pupation outside the mine. Exit slit in lower epidermis (Bladmineerders van Europa). A conspicuous, yellowish, almost circular upper surface blotch. Normally several mines on a leaf which may run together giving the impression of a single mine (British leafminers).

On Aegopodium and Angelica in Britain and elsewhere and Laserpitium elsewhere. Widespread throughout Britain and continental Europe. Also recorded in U.S.A. and Canada.

Phytomyza angelicae Kaltenbach, 1872 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].

3a > Leaf-miner: An irregular upper surface linear mine, which can widen and become almost blotch like at end. Puparium black

On Aegopodium, Angelica and Pastinaca in Britain and Aegopodium and Angelica elsewhere. Widespread throughout Britain. Also recorded in Ireland and Europe.

Phytomyza angelicastri Hering, 1923 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].

3b > Leaf-miner: An irregular whitish linear mine, not associated with leaf margin. Puparium black. British record needs confirmation.

Possibly on Angelica in Britain (Warwicks). On Angelica in continental Europe. Also recorded in Alaska.

Phytomyza archangelicae Hering, 1937 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].

Key for the identification of the mines of British non-Diptera recorded on
Angelica

Note: The larvae of mining Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, a blotch mine, a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Larva may pupate in a silk cocoon. The larva may have at least six legs (although they may be reduced or absent), a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding). Larvae of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera usually also have abdominal legs (see examples). Frass, if present, never in two rows. Unless feeding externally from within a case the larva usually vacates the mine by chewing an exit hole. Pupa with visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).

1 > Leaf-miner: The larvae are often gregarious and feed on the underside of the leaf causing a 'windowing' effect as they eat the mesophyll and lower epidermis. This effect can be seen from the top of the leaf as it discolours (British leafminers). Short, small, irregular, sometimes widened corridor. Mostly a number in a leaf, concentrated in the axils of the midrib and the primary side veins. Each larva makes a number of mines. Often the larva protrudes with its rear end out of the mine, causing most frass to be ejected. While moving, at the leaf underside, silken threads are produced, in wich grains of frass may be trapped. Older larvae live free and cause window feeding, often in a group under a light spinning (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Recorded on Angelica sylvestris, Anthriscus sylvestris, Daucus carota, Heracleum sphondylium and Heracleum sativa in Britain and Aegopodium podagraria, Angelica archangelica subsp. litoralis, Angelica sylvestris, Anthriscus caucalis, Anthriscus cerefolium, Anthriscus sylvestris, Apium graveolens, Berula erecta, Carum carvi, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Chaerophyllum temulum, Cicuta virosa, Conium maculatum, Daucus carota, Heracleum sphondylium, Levisticum officinale, Oenanthe, Pastinaca sativa, Peucedanum, Pimpinella saxifraga, Seseli libanotis, Silaum, Sium latifolium, Sison amomum and Torilis elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental Europe.

Epermenia chaerophyllella (Goeze, 1783) [Lepidoptera: Epermeniidae]


	Last updated 03-Feb-2012 Brian Pitkin