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ANTHYLLIS. Kidney Vetch. [Fabaceae] . |
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Kidney Vetch (A. vulneraria), is the only native species of Anthyllis recorded in Britain. It has several native and introduced subspecies. There are two introduced species including Bladder Vetch (A. tetraphylla). Three Diptera miners, the agromyzids Phytomyza brischkei and Liriomyza congesta and the drosophilid Scaptomyza graminum, are recorded on Anthyllis in Britain. Elsewhere the agromyzids Agromyza nana, Chromatomyia horticola, Liriomyza bryoniae, Liriomyza congesta, Liriomyza strigata, Phytoliriomyza variegata and Phytomyza brischkei, and the drosphilids Scaptomyza flava and possibly Scaptomyza graminum are recorded mining Anthyllis. One non-Diptera leaf-miner, Aproaerema anthyllidella, is recorded on Anthyllis in Britain (see below). |
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A key to the European miners, based on characteristics of the mines, immature stages and where relevant the larval cases, recorded on Anthyllis is provided in Bladmineerders van Europa. This includes Scythris siccella, Apterona helicoidella, Coleophora colutella, Coleophora vestalella, Trifurcula anthyllidella, Trifurcula cryptella, Trifurcula peloponnesica, Aproaerema anthyllidella, Scrobipalpa montanella, Cnephasia incertana, Cnephasia asseclana, Chromatomyia horticola, Liriomyza strigata, Phytomyza brischkei, Liriomyza bryoniae, Liriomyza congesta, Phytoliriomyza variegata, Agromyza nana, Scaptomyza graminum and Scaptomyza flava but not Coleophora rectilineella. |
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Note: Diptera larvae may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, or a blotch mine, but never in a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Pupation never in a cocoon. All mining Diptera larvae are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue. In some corridor miners frass may lie in two rows on alternate sides of the mine. In order to vacate the mine the fully grown larva cuts an exit slit, which is usually semi-circular (see Liriomyza huidobrensis video). The pupa is formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples). 1a > Leaf-miner: Linear mine in sepals and leaves. Puparium orange-brown
Phytomyza brischkei Hendel, 1922 [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. 1b > Leaf-miner: Mine in leaf. 2a > Leaf-miner: Corridor leaf mine. Mine in leaves. An upper surface linear mine with frass in conspicuous greenish strips, largely alternating at each side of the channel. Puparium yellow
Liriomyza congesta (Becker, 1903) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. 2b > Leaf-miner: A long, narrow, winding corridor running towards the midrib, widening to a blotch. Pupation usually in the soil, less often in the leaf (and then generally not in the mine itself but in a small separated mine, that may even be made in the petiole)
Scaptomyza graminum (Fallén, 1823) [Diptera: Drosophilidae]. |
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Key for the identification of the mines of British non-Diptera recorded on
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Note: The larvae of mining Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, a blotch mine, a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Larva may pupate in a silk cocoon. The larva may have at least six legs (although they may be reduced or absent), a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding). Larvae of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera usually also have abdominal legs (see examples). Frass, if present, never in two rows. Unless feeding externally from within a case the larva usually vacates the mine by chewing an exit hole. Pupa with visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
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1a > Leaf-miner: The first generation initially forms an unmistakable leaf-mine on Anthyllis vulneraria, but the second generation feeds on the flowers. Feeding signs on other plants vary in appearance. Larvae can move between sewn leaves, and more than one larva may be found together (UKMoths). Larvae in a small full depth blotch, often with extensions. Frass concentrated in one corner of the mine. The mining activities may cause the leaf to roll inwards. Older larvae live free among spun leaves, but still they may make then full depth mines by feeding on the leaf tissue from a small opening (Bladmineerders van Europa).
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Aproaerema anthyllidella (Hübner, 1813) [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae] |
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1b > Leaf-miner: In the first instar the larva mines the leaves, forming short, irregular, blotch-like mines, but in later instars it lives externally, feeding in spun leaves and often twisting those of tender shoots. Larval head light-brown or yellowish brown, edged with black postero-laterally, ocellar area blackish; prothoracic plate black edged with whitish anteriorly; abdomen dull dark green; pinacula distinct, black, sometimes brownish but with black bases to setae; anal plate large, black (Bradley et al., 1973). Small, full depth mine without a definite shape; little frass. Some silk is deposited in the mine. The larva soon leaves the mine and continues feeding among spun leaves (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Cnephasia incertana (Treitschke, 1835) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae].
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1c > Leaf-miner: Oviposition on the leaf underside. The mine begins as a long corridor with a very broad, green frass line. This corridor suddenly widens into a broad blotch, that in the end may occupy almost an entire leaflet. The blotch generally begins in the leaf base, and it is here that most frass is concentrated. Shortly before pupation the larva leaves its mine through an exit slit in the lower epidermis. After the mine has been vacated the leaflet drops off.
Trifurcula cryptella (Stainton, 1856) [Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae] . |
| Last updated 03-Feb-2012 Brian Pitkin |  |
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