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ARCTIUM. Burdocks. [Asteraceae]
Four species of Arctium are recorded in Britain. These include the native species Greater Burdock (A. lappa), Lesser Burdock (A. minus) and Wood Burdock (A. nemorosum). Five Diptera miners, the agromyzids Chromatomyia 'atricornis', Chromatomtia syngenesiae and Phytomyza lappae, the anthomyiid Pegomya laticornis, and the tephritid Cryptaciura rotundiventris is recorded on Arctium in Britain, although the record of C. rotundiventris on Arctium requires confirmation. The agromyzids Liriomyza huidobrensis and Liriomyza trifolii, polyphagous pest species of ornamental and vegetable crops occasionally intercepted at UK points of entry, are recorded on Arctium. Both species have been found under glass in England and Wales. All populations have been and continue to be eradicated. The agromyzid Melanagromyza lappae is recorded boring the stems of Arctium in Britain and elsewhere.	Lesser burdock Arctium minus
Elsewhere the agromyzids Chromatomyia 'atricornis', Chromatomyia syngenesiae, Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza strigata, Liriomyza trifolii, Phytomyza continua and Phytomyza lappae, the anthomyiid Pegomya laticornis, and the tephritids Acidia cognata, Euleia heraclei and Trypeta zoe and the sciarid Phytosciara halterata are recorded mining Arctium. Two non-Diptera miners are recorded on Arctium in Britain (see below). Elsewhere two additional British non-Diptera miners are recorded on Arctium (see below). A key to the European miners, based on characteristics of the mines, immature stages and where relevant the larval cases, recorded on Arctium is provided in Bladmineerders van Europa. This includes Apterona gracilis, Coleophora onopordiella, Coleophora paripennella, Coleophora peribenanderi, Sphaeroderma rubidum, Agonopterix carduella, Tebenna micalis, Phytosciara macrotricha, Cnephasia incertana, Cnephasia asseclana, Cnephasia stephensiana, Agonopterix arenella, Agonopterix subpropinquella, Agonopterix propinquella, Phytomyza continua, Phytomyza lappivora, Liriomyza strigata, Chromatomyia 'atricornis', Phytomyza lappae, Pegomya laticornis, but not Phytosciara halterata, Phytosciara macrotricha, Chromatomtia syngenesiae, Cryptaciura rotundiventris, Liriomyza huidobrensis or Liriomyza trifolii N.B. The key to mines below includes mines recorded on Arctium and Serratula (Asteraceae).

Key for the identification of the known Diptera mines on Arctium and Serratula in Great Britain and Ireland

1> Blotch mine restricted by leaf veins; frass in irregular lumps. Mine of Pegomya laticornis on Arctium sp. Image: Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) Only on Arctium in Britain and elsewhere. Only recorded in Warwick in Britain. Also recoreded in Europe. Pegomya laticornis (Fallén) [Diptera: Anthomyiidae]. -> A large blotch, yellow or brown, preceded by a short, in the end mostly unrecognisable corridor. Generally several larvae in the mine. Especially in fresh mines the green primary and feeding lines area well marked. Pupation outside the mine. On Angelica and possibly Arctium and Heracleum in Britain. Widespread but very rare in Britain. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland and throughout Europe, except in the south. Cryptaciura rotundiventris (Fallén) [Diptera: Tephritidae]. -> Linear, corridor mine. 2. 2> Mine linear, whitish, both upper and lower surface. Pupation internal, at the end of the mine, with the anterior spiracles projecting through the epidermis. Mines of Chromatomyia atricornis on Sonchus olearaceus Images: Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) Two highly polyphagous species of Chromatomyia, with indistinguishable mines, have been recorded in Britain. These are syngenesiae (Hardy) and horticola (Goureau). British records of horticola and syngenesiae on Asteraceae hosts not based on examination of the genitalia of reared males are treated here as Chromatomyia 'atricornis'. Chromatomyia 'atricornis' auctt. [Diptera: Agromyzidae] OR On 27 plant genera in the family Asteraceae in Britain and many more elsewhere. Common throughout Britain. Widespread and common throughout Europe and introduced to U.S.A., Australia and New Zealand. Chromatomyia syngenesiae Hardy [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. -> An unusually long, narrow, whitish linear mine, frequently following a vein. Numerous larvae can occur together in a single leaf which can be completely eaten out. Pupation external. Puparium black Mines of Phytomyza lappae on Arctium sp. Image: Willem Ellis (Ellis,Bladmineerders van Europa) On Arctium lappa, Arctium minus and Arctium nemorosum in Britain and elsewhere. Widespread and common throughout British Isles. Common in much of Europe. Range extending eastwards to Kazakhastan, Uzbekistan and the Kirghiz Republics of the [former] U.S.S.R. Phytomyza lappae Goureau [Diptera: Agromyzidae].

Non-Diptera miners recorded on Arctium in Britain Coleophora paripennella Zeller, 1839 [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae]   Leaf-miner and case-bearer: Larva mines leaves (British leafminers). The larva builds a case from silk, resembling a razor shell in appearance. (UKMoths). The full-grown case is 12 mm long and blackish-brown (British leafminers). The full grown larva lives in a blackish brown trivalved tubular silken case of about 8 mm. Case of Coleophora paripennella Image: Charles Baker (British leafminers) More..   Coleophora peribenanderi Toll, 1943 [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae]   Leaf-miner and case-bearer: The larva forms a case, approximately 11-12 mm long, beneath a thistle leaf, although burdock may sometimes be used. The shape of the ochreous case varies as, when being enlarged, it is elongated first, and the girth increased subsequently (UKMoths). Yellow-brown to light grey tubular silken case with darker length lines. The case is fairly large (up to 17 mm) and very slender. The rear end is three-valved, the mouth angle about 50°. The larva feeds at the underside of the leaf (Bladmineerders van Europa). Case of Coleophora peribenanderi on Cirsium arvense Image: Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) More.. Additional British non-Diptera miners recorded on Arctium elsewhere Agonopterix propinquella (Treitschke, 1835) [Lepidoptera: Depressariidae]   Leaf-mine: The eggs of this species are laid on a leaf, with the larvae mining the underside of the leaf, until a late instar when it feeds in a web under the midrib of the leaf, causing visible blotching on the upperside (UKMoths). Short, full depth corridor. The larva relatively long lives as a miner, but finally leaves the mine and continues living in spinning along the midrib at the leaf underside, from where windows are eaten in the leaf (Bladmineerders van Europa). More..   Cnephasia incertana (Treitschke, 1835) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]   Leaf-mine: In the first instar the larva mines the leaves, forming short, irregular, blotch-like mines, but in later instars it lives externally, feeding in spun leaves and often twisting those of tender shoots (Bradley et al., 1973). Small, full depth mine without a definite shape; little frass. Some silk is deposited in the mine. The larva soon leaves the mine and continues feeding among spun leaves (Bladmineerders van Europa). More..

Last updated 11-Aug-2010  Brian Pitkin

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