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BETULA. Birches. [Betulaceae]

Three species of Betula are native to Britain - Dwarf Birch (B. nana), Silver Birch (B. pendula) and Downy Birch (B. pubescens). Paper birch (B. papyrifera) has been introduced. Only one dipterous miner, the agromyzid Agromyza alnibetulae, is recorded on Betula in Britain. Elsewhere the agromyzid Agromyza alnibetulae is recorded mining Betula. The agromyzid Phytobia cambii feeds in the cambium of Salix and Populus in Britain and also Alnus, Betula and Carpinus elsewhere. Fifty-six non-dipterous miners are recorded on Betula in Britain (see below). Elsewhere eight additional non-dipterous British miners are recorded on Betula (see below). The yponomeutid Swammerdamia passerella is recorded spinning the leaves of Betula and feeding on the leaf surface. A key to the European mines on Betula is provided in Bladmineerders van Europa. This includes Ramphus pulicarius, Incurvaria pectinea, Heliozela hammoniella, Orchestes rusci, Phylloporia bistrigella, Trachys minutus, Eriocrania cicatricella, Eriocrania sangii, Heringocrania unimaculella, Eriocrania semipurpurella, Lyonetia prunifoliella,, Ectoedemia occultella, Ramphus pulicarius, Orchestes jota, Atemelia torquatella, Fenusa pumila, Profenusa thomsoni, Fenusella nana, Heterarthrus nemoratus, Scolioneura vicina, Scolioneura betuleti, Eriocrania salopiella, Eriocrania sparrmannella, Orchestes testaceus, Tachyergus pseudostigma & Tachyergus stigma, Ectoedemia occultella, Lyonetia prunifoliella, Profenusa thomsoni, Recurvaria nanella, Bucculatrix demaryella & Bucculatrix thoracella, Agromyza alnibetulae, Stigmella continuella, Stigmella sakhalinella, Stigmella lapponica, Stigmella confusella & Stigmella naturnella, Stigmella tristis, Stigmella luteella, Stigmella betulicola, Anoplus plantaris, Lyonetia clerkella, Phyllonorycter corylifoliella, Caloptilia populetorum, Caloptilia betulicola, Parornix polygrammella, Parornix betulae & Parornix loganella, Caloptilia stigmatella, Phyllonorycter cavella, Phyllonorycter anderidae, Phyllonorycter ulmifoliella, Apterona helicoidella, Coleophora cornutella, Coleophora fuscocuprella, Coleophora violacea, Coleophora potentillae, Coleophora serratella, Coleophora orbitella, Coleophora binderella, Coleophora milvipennis, Coleophora alnifoliae, Coleophora anatipennella and Coleophora betulella but not Roeslerstammia erxlebella, Stigmella alnetella, Bohemannia auriciliella, Coleophora lusciniaepennella, Coleophora siccifolia, Ectoedemia minimella, Orchestes testaceus, Phyllonorycter messaniella or Stigmella floslactella N.B. The key to mines below includes mines recorded on Betula and Carpinus (Betulaceae).

Silver Birch Betula pendula

Key for the identification of the known Diptera mines on Betula and Carpinus in Great Britain and Ireland

1> Larva forming a narrow, unusually long, upper surface leaf mine up to 12 cms, sometimes considerably widening at end; young leaves are frequently distorted. Puparium reddish-brown Agromyza alnibetulae Hendel [Diptera: Agromyzidae].

Non-dipterous miners recorded on Betula in Britain Anoplus plantaris (Naezén, 1794) Coleoptera: Curculionidae Atemelia torquatella (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae Bohemannia auriciliella (Joannis, 1908) Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae Bucculatrix demaryella (Duponchel, 1840) Lepidoptera: Bucculatricidae Caloptilia betulicola (M. Hering, 1928) Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Caloptilia populetorum (Zeller, 1839) Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae Caloptilia stigmatella (Fabricius, 1781) Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae Coleophora betulella Heinemann, 1877 Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae Coleophora binderella (Kollar, 1832) Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae Coleophora fuscocuprella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855 Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae Coleophora lusciniaepennella (Treitschke, 1833) Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae Coleophora milvipennis Zeller, 1839 Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae Coleophora orbitella Zeller, 1849 Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae Coleophora potentillae Elisha, 1885 Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae Coleophora serratella (Linnaeus, 1761) Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae Coleophora siccifolia Stainton, 1856 Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae Coleophora violacea (Ström, 1783) Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae Ectoedemia minimella (Zetterstedt, 1839) Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae Ectoedemia occultella (Linnaeus, 1767) Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae Eriocrania cicatricella (Zetterstedt, 1839) Lepidoptera: Eriocranidae Eriocrania salopiella (Stainton, 1854) Lepidoptera: Eriocranidae Eriocrania sangii (Wood, 1891) Lepidoptera: Eriocranidae Eriocrania semipurpurella (Stephens, 1835) Lepidoptera: Eriocranidae Eriocrania sparrmannella (Bosc, 1791) Lepidoptera: Eriocranidae Fenusa pumila Leach, 1817 Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae Fenusella nana (Klug, 1816) Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae Heliozela hammoniella Sorhagen, 1885 Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae Heringocrania unimaculella (Zetterstedt, 1839) Lepidoptera: Eriocranidae Heterarthrus nemoratus (Fallén, 1808) Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae Incurvaria pectinea Haworth 1828 Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae Lyonetia clerkella (Linnaeus, 1758) Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae Lyonetia prunifoliella (Hübner, 1796) Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae Orchestes rusci (Herbst, 1795) Coleoptera: Curculionidae Orchestes testaceus (Müller, 1766). Coleoptera: Curculionidae Parornix betulae (Stainton, 1854) Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Parornix loganella (Stainton, 1848) Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Phyllonorycter anderidae (W. Fletcher, 1885) Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Phyllonorycter cavella (Zeller, 1846) Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Phyllonorycter corylifoliella (Hübner, 1796) Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Phyllonorycter messaniella (Zeller, 1846) Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Phyllonorycter ulmifoliella (Hübner, 1817) Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Phylloporia bistrigella (Haworth, 1828) Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae Profenusa thomsoni (Konow, 1886) Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae Ramphus pulicarius (Herbst, 1795) Coleoptera: Curculionidae Roeslerstammia erxlebella (Fabricius, 1787) Lepidoptera: Roeslerstammiidae Scolioneura betuleti (Klug, 1816) Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae Scolioneura vicina Konow, 1894. Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae Stigmella betulicola (Stainton, 1856) Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae Stigmella confusella (Wood & Walsingham, 1894) Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae Stigmella continuella (Stainton, 1856) Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae Stigmella floslactella (Haworth, 1828) Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae Stigmella lapponica (Wocke, 1862) Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae Stigmella luteella (Stainton, 1857) Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae Stigmella sakhalinella Puplesis, 1984 Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae Tachyergus pseudostigma (Tempère 1982) Coleoptera: Curculionidae Tachyergus stigma (Germar) Coleoptera: Curculionidae Additional non-dipterous British miners recorded on Betula elsewhere Bucculatrix thoracella (Thunberg, 1794) Lepidoptera: Bucculatricidae Coleophora alnifoliae Barasch 1934 Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae Coleophora anatipennella (Hübner, 1796) Lepidoptera: Bucculatricidae Epermenia chaerophyllella (Goeze, 1783) Lepidoptera: Epermeniidae Leucoptera malifoliella (O. Costa, 1836) Lepidoptera: Lyonetidae Orchestes jota (Fabricius, 1787) Coleoptera: Curculionidae   Recurvaria nanella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae Trachys minutus (Linnaeus, 1758) Coleoptera: Buprestidae

Last updated 31-Dec-2009  Brian Pitkin