Campanula [Campanulaceae]

CAMPANULA. Bellflowers and Harebells. [Campanulaceae]

Twenty species of Campanula are recorded in Britain. These include the native species Clustered Bellflower (C. glomerata), Giant Bellflower (C. latifolia), Spreading Bellflower (C. patula), Harebell (C. rotundifolia) and Nettle-leaved Bellflower (C. trachelium) and the introduced Canterbury-bells (C. medium), Cornish Bellflower (C. alliariifolia) and Creeping Bellflower (C. rapunculoides).

Four Diptera miners, the agromyzids Amauromyza gyrans, Liriomyza strigata, Ophiomyia heringi and Phytomyza campanulae are recorded on Campanula.

Two of these species, Ophiomyia heringi and Phytomyza campanulae, are also recorded on Phyteuma and one, Ophiomyia heringi, on Jasione. Chromatomyia horticola is also recorded on Jasione.

Elsewhere the agromyzids Amauromyza gyrans, Chromatomyia horticola, Liriomyza strigata, Ophiomyia heringi, Phytomyza campanulae and Phytomyza rapunculi are recorded mining Campanula.

Clustered Bellflower
Campanula glomerata

No non-Diptera miners are recorded on Campanula in Britain.

Elsewhere two British non-Diptera mines, Cnephasia incertana and Orthochaetes insignis, are recorded on Campanula (see below).

A key to the European miners, based on characteristics of the mines, immature stages and where relevant the larval cases, recorded on Campanula is provided in Bladmineerders van Europa. This includes Cnephasia incertana, Cnephasia asseclana, Orophia ferrugella, Orthochaetes insignis, Ophiomyia eucodonus, Chromatomyia horticola, Liriomyza strigata, Amauromyza gyrans, Phytomyza campanulae and Phytomyza rapunculi but not the stem miner Ophiomyia heringi.

N.B. The key to mines below includes mines recorded on Campanula, Jasione and Phyteuma (Campanulaceae).

Key for the identification of the mines of British Diptera recorded on
Campunula, Jasione and Phyteuma

Note: Diptera larvae may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, or a blotch mine, but never in a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Pupation never in a cocoon. All mining Diptera larvae are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue. In some corridor miners frass may lie in two rows on alternate sides of the mine. In order to vacate the mine the fully grown larva cuts an exit slit, which is usually semi-circular (see Liriomyza huidobrensis video). The pupa is formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).

1a > Stem miner: An external stem mine with frass in two rows of disconnected strips. Pupation in stem at end of mine. Puparium black

On Campanula, Jasione, Phyteuma [Campanulaceae], Crepis, Hypochaeris and Lapsana [Asteraceae] in Britain and additional genera of both families elsewhere. Uncommon in Britain - recorded in London, Warwick and Cambridge. Uncommon but Widespread in continental Europe.

Ophiomyia heringi Stary, 1930 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].

1b > Leaf-miner

2a > Leaf-miner: A distinctive mine primarily above mid-rib, with irregular short lateral offshoots into leaf blade. Pupation external (Spencer, 1972: 51 (fig. 172), 55; Spencer, 1976: 270, 271 (fig. 486)). Branched, whitish, upper-surface corridor; main axis overlying the midrib; side branches overlying the main lateral veins. (In Campanula and Phyteuma the mine is much less branched, sometimes nothing more than a corridor on top of the midrib). Frass in rather long strings. Usually the mines begins as a long and narrow, shallow, tortuous lower-surface corridor that ends upon the midrib but otherwise is not associated with the leaf venation. Often this initial corridor is filled with callus, and then even less conspicuous. Pupation outside the mine (Bladmineerders van Europa). A linear mine on the upper surface, usually following the midrib and showing side branches along the veins. The frass is in strings (British leafminers).

On more than 40 host genera in 15 families in Britain including Campanula, but not yet on Phyteuma or Jasione, Widespread throughout Britain. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread in continental Europe.

Liriomyza strigata (Meigen, 1830) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].

2b > Leaf-miner: Mine not primarily above mid-rib.

3a > Leaf-miner: A shallow whitish linear-blotch mine. Puparium yellowish brown; outside the mine

On Campanula glomerata and Campanula rotundifolia, but not yet on Phyteuma or Jasione, in Britain. In addition on other genera and species of Campanulaceae elsewhere. Recorded in England. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread in continental Europe. Also recorded in Japan.

Amauromyza gyrans (Fallén, 1823) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].

3b > Leaf-miner: An irregular whitish linear mine which can broaden at end and become blotch-like. Puparium black

On Campanula glomerata, Campanula rotundifolia and Campanula trachelium, but not yet on Phyteumaor Jasione in Britain. In addition on other species of Campanulaceae elsewhere.

Phytomyza campanulae Hendel, 1920 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].

Key for the identification of the mines of British non-Diptera recorded on
Campanula

Note: The larvae of mining Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, a blotch mine, a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Larva may pupate in a silk cocoon. The larva may have at least six legs (although they may be reduced or absent), a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding). Larvae of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera usually also have abdominal legs (see examples). Frass, if present, never in two rows. Unless feeding externally from within a case the larva usually vacates the mine by chewing an exit hole. Pupa with visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).

1a > Leaf-miner: In the first instar the larva mines the leaves, forming short, irregular, blotch-like mines, but in later instars it lives externally, feeding in spun leaves and often twisting those of tender shoots. Larval head light-brown or yellowish brown, edged with black postero-laterally, ocellar area blackish; prothoracic plate black edged with whitish anteriorly; abdomen dull dark green; pinacula distinct, black, sometimes brownish but with black bases to setae; anal plate large, black (Bradley et al., 1973). Small, full depth mine without a definite shape; little frass. Some silk is deposited in the mine. The larva soon leaves the mine and continues feeding among spun leaves (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Recorded on numerous genera and species of plant families, but not yet on Campanula, in Britain. Recorded on numerous genera and species of plant families including Campanula elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental Europe. Also recorded from the Channel Is.

Cnephasia incertana (Treitschke, 1835) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]

1b > Leaf-miner: Rather narrow corridor, untidy and sometimes branched, starting from the base of the leaf, in particular the midrib. Sides of the corridor irregularly eaten out, not really parallel. Frass mostly present, and then in a central line. The legless larva is capable of leaving the mine and start a new one elsewhere. These later mines are much broader, and the frass is scattered irregularly. (Bladmineerders van Europa. Larva without abdominal legs.

Host plants unknown in Britain. Recorded on numerous genera and species in several plant families, including Campanula, elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental Europe.

Orthochaetes insignis (Aube, 1863) [Coleoptera: Curculionidae]


	Last updated 03-Feb-2012 Brian Pitkin