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CAPSELLA. Shepherd's-purses. [Brassicaceae]
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Two
species of Capsella are recorded in Britain. These include
the native Shepherd's-purse (C. bursa-pastoris) and the introduced
Pink Shepherd's-purse (C. rubella).
Two
Diptera miners, the polyphagous agromyzids Chromatomyia
horticola and Liriomyza
strigata, are recorded on Capsella in Britain, and
one of these is also recorded on Conringia,
Hesperis, Lepidium
and Raphanus.
Elsewhere
the agromyzids Chromatomyia
horticola, Liriomyza
bryoniae, Liriomyza
huidobrensis, Liriomyza
strigata and Liriomyza
trifolii and the drosophilid Scaptomyza
flava are recorded mining Capsella.
No non-Diptera miners are recorded on Capsella in Britain.
Elsewhere
two British non-Diptera mines, Ceutorhynchus
minutus and Cnephasia
incertana, are recorded on Capsella (see below)
A
key to the European miners, based on characteristics of the mines,
immature stages and where relevant the larval cases, recorded on
Capsella is provided in Bladmineerders van Europa. This includes Chromatomyia
horticola, Liriomyza
bryoniae, Liriomyza
strigata, Liriomyza xanthocera, Scaptomyza
flava, Ceutorhynchus chalibaeus, Ceutorhynchus erysimi, Ceutorhynchus
minutus, Phyllotreta nemorum, Plutella xylostella, Cnephasia
incertana.
N.B. The key to mines below includes mines recorded on Alliaria, Armoracia, Barbarea, Brassica, Capsella, Cochlearia, Coincya, Conringia, Diplotaxis, Hesperis, Lepidium (= Cardaria), Raphanus, Sinapis, Sisymbrium and Thlaspi (Brassicaceae).
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Key for the identification of the mines of British Diptera recorded on
Brassicaceae |
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Note: Diptera larvae may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, or a blotch mine, but never in a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Pupation never in a cocoon. All mining Diptera larvae are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue. In some corridor miners frass may lie in two rows on alternate sides of the mine. In order to vacate the mine the fully grown larva cuts an exit slit, which is usually semi-circular (see Liriomyza huidobrensis video). The pupa is formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
1# > Leaf-miner: Details
of mine unknown.
On Alisma and Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum in
Britain or elsewhere (record provenance ambiguous), but not yet on other Brassicaceae. Recorded in
South Hants in Britain. Widespread in continental Europe.
Hydrellia
meigeni Zatwarnicki, 1988 [Diptera:
Ephydridae].
1# > Leaf-miner: Details
of mine unknown.
On Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum in Britain or elsewhere
(record provenance ambiguous), but not yet on other Brassicaceae. South Hants and Surrey in Britain.
Widespread in continental Europe.
Hydrellia
pubescens Becker, 1926 [Diptera: Ephydridae].
1# > Leaf-miner: Details
of mine unknown.
On Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum in Britain or elsewhere
(record provenance ambiguous), but not yet on other Brassicaceae. Cambridge in Britain. Also recorded
in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread in continental Europe
Hydrellia
ranunculi Haliday, 1839 [Diptera: Ephydridae].
1a > Leaf and stem miner: Oviposition takes place in the leaf blade where
a short mine is formed until the larva reaches the nearest vein
which is then followed downwards, with the main feeding occurring
in the mid-rib, petiole, or in young plants, also in the stem. Puparium
yellow
Only on Brassica, but not yet on other Brassicaceae, in Britain and additional genera of Brassicaceae
elsewhere. Widespread but only recorded from Warwick, Dunbarton
and East Lothian in Britain. Also recorded in the Republic of
Ireland, continental Europe, Egypt, Canada and the U.S.A.
Phytomyza
rufipes Meigen, 1830 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
1b > Leaf-miner: Mine entirely in leaf, not in the petiole or stem.
2
2a > Leaf-miner: Mine primarily associated with mid-rib.
3
2b > Leaf-miner: Mine not primarily associated with mid-rib.
4
3a > Leaf-miner: A distinctive mine primarily above mid-rib, with irregular short
lateral offshoots into leaf blade. Pupation external (Spencer, 1972:
51 (fig. 172), 55; Spencer, 1976:
270, 271 (fig. 486)). Branched,
whitish, upper-surface corridor; main axis overlying the midrib;
side branches overlying the main lateral veins. (In Campanula and Phyteuma the mine is much less branched, sometimes nothing
more than a corridor on top of the midrib). Frass in rather long
strings. Usually the mines begins as a long and narrow, shallow,
tortuous lower-surface corridor that ends upon the midrib but otherwise
is not associated with the leaf venation. Often this initial corridor
is filled with callus, and then even less conspicuous. Pupation
outside the mine (Bladmineerders
van Europa). A
linear mine on the upper surface, usually following the midrib and
showing side branches along the veins. The frass is in strings (British
leafminers).
On
more than 40 host genera in 15 families, including Brassica and Capsella, but not yet on other Brassicaceae, in Britain. Widespread
throughout Britain. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland.
Widespread in continental Europe.
Liriomyza strigata (Meigen, 1830) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
3b > Leaf-miner: Corridor-blotch mine, normally dorsal; usually whitish; in small
leaves it lies characteristically in the centre of the leaf often
touching the petiole; in larger leaves it lies to one side of the
mid-rib. Frass deposited in green clumps near the leaf margin. Pupation
usually external, sometimes in a separate pupation mine.
On
numerous genera of Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Papaveraceae, Resedaceae,
Tropaeolaceae and Violaceae, including Alliaria, Barbarea, Brassica, Cheiranthus, Cochlearia, Coincyia, Conringia, Diplotaxis, Erysimum, ? Hesperis. Lepidium, Mathiola, Raphanus, ? Rorippa and Sinapis, but not yet on Armoracia, Capsella, Sisymbrium and Thlaspi in Britain and additional genera
of these families and Fabaceae. Widespread, from Caithness in
the north to Cornwall in the south of Britain. Also recorded
in the Republic of Ireland, Europe, the East Palaearctic, Near
East and Neartic Region.
Scaptomyza flava (Fallén, 1823) [Diptera: Drosophilidae].
4a > Leaf-miner: Narrow corridor, leading to a large blotch. The blotch has lower-
and upper-surface parts, and is full depth where these overlap.
Pupation external
On
? Brassica, ? Sisymbrium, Stellaria and Potamogeton, but not yet on other Brassicaceae, in Britain and ? Stellaria elsewhere,Widespread from Caithness in the north to Kent in the
south-east of Britain. Widespread in continental Europe.
Scaptomyza
griseola (Zetterstedt, 1847) [Diptera: Drosophilidae].
4b > Leaf-miner: A long,
narrow, winding corridor running towards the midrib, widening to
a blotch.
Pupation usually in the soil, less often in the leaf (and then generally
not in the mine itself but in a small separated mine, that may even
be made in the petiole) |
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On
? Amaranthus, ? Rorippa, Cerastium, Lychnis, Myosoton, Silene, Stellaria, Atriplex,
? Anthyllis, ? Lupinus,
? Medicago, ? Montia and ? Antirrhinum, but not yet on other Brassicaceae, in Britain and Amaranthus, Lepidium, Moricandia, ? Rorippa, Agrostemma, Arenaria, Cerastium, Coronaria, Corrigiola, Cucubalus, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Lychnis, Moehringia, Myosoton, Polycarpon, Saponaria, Silene, Spergularia, Stellaria, Vaccaria, Viscaria, Atriplex, Beta, Chenopodium, Obione, Salicornia, Spinacia, Anthyllis, Lupinus, Medicago, Allium, Montia, Portulaca and Antirrhinum elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental Europe.
Scaptomyza
graminum (Fallén, 1823) [Diptera: Drosophilidae].
4c > Leaf-miner: Mine linear, whitish, both upper and lower surface. Pupation internal,
at the end of the mine with the anterior spiracles projecting through
the epidermis (Spencer, 1976:
433). Upper-surface,
less often lower-surface corridor. Frass in isolated grains. Pupation
within the mine, in a, usually lower-surface, pupal chamber (Bladmineerders
van Europa). A long whitish upper surface corridor, which eventually goes lower surface (British
leafminers).
Two
highly polyphagous species of Chromatomyia, with indistinguishable
mines, have been recorded in Britain. These are syngenesiae (Hardy) and horticola (Goureau) which can only be distinguished by the male genitalia.
Both are polyphagous and widespread in Britain and elsewhere,
although syngenesiae is almost entirely restricted to Asteraceae
(see also 'atricornis').
Chromatomyia horticola is recorded on 55 plant genera in 19 families in Britain including Alliaria, Armoracia, Brassica, Capsella, Cheiranthus, Coincyia, Conringia, Hesperis, Lepidium, Sinapis, Sisymbrium, and Thlaspi in Britain.
Chromatomya syngenesiae is recorded in Britain on 27 plant genera in the family Asteraceae and many more genera elsewhere, but not yet on Brassicaceae, in Britain.
Chromatomyia
horticola (Goureau, 1851) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
OR
Chromatomyia
syngenesiae Hardy, 1849 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
4d > Leaf-miner: Irregular
mine, locally shallow, elsewhere much deeper, giving it a mottled
appearance. In broadleaved plants the mine often begins as a blotch
with stellate extensions, but sometimes as a very fine, shallow
corridor. In grasses the mine often begins in the leaf sheath. The
frass is very fine-grained, initially scattered, later in aggregates.
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On
? Alisma, ? Damasonium,
? Sagittaria, ? Bellis,
? Rorippa, Tropaeolum
, ? Lychnis,
? Stellaria,
? Carex,
? Cyperus,
? Scirpus,
? Hydrocharis,
? Stratiotes,
? Lamium,
? Lemna,
? Allium, Arrhenatherum,
? Polygonum,
? Potamogeton,
? Veronica,
? Typha, but not yet on other Brassicaceae, in Britain and ? Alisma,
? Damasonium, ? Sagittaria,
? Bellis, ? Rorippa, Tropaeolum, Lychnis,
? Stellaria, Carex,
? Scirpus, Trifolium,
? Hydrocharis, Lamium,
? Lemna, Allium, Papaver, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Apera, Arrhenatherum, Avena, Avenula, Brachypodium, Briza, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Dactylis, Desmazeria, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Eleusine, Elymus, Festuca, Gaudinia, Glyceria, Holcus, Hordeum, Lagurus, Lolium, Panicum, Phalaris, Phleum, Phragmites, Poa, Secale, Setaria, Triticum,
? Polygonum, ? Potamogeton, Veronica, ? Typha and Verbena elsewhere.
Widespread in England. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland.
Widespread in the Palaearctic region. Also recorded from Nearctic
and Australasian Regions.
Hydrellia
griseola (Fallén, 1813)
[Diptera: Ephydridae] |
Key for the identification of the mines of British non-Diptera recorded on Capsella
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Note:
The larvae of mining Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, a blotch mine, a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Larva may pupate in a silk cocoon. The larva may have at least six legs (although they may be reduced or absent), a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding). Larvae of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera usually also have abdominal legs (see examples). Frass, if present, never in two rows. Unless feeding externally from within a case the larva usually vacates the mine by chewing an exit hole. Pupa with visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
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1a > Leaf-miner:
Rather
small, untidy, full depth, often branched corridor, often close
to the leaf margin. Sides irregularly eaten out. Frass in a greyish-green
central line that is interrupted from time to time, sometimes partly
in strings. In times of rain the frass may run out and appear greenish.
Usually several mines in a leaf (Bladmineerders
van Europa). The legless larva is rather shapeless, with a well-sclerotised head. The body is whitish; head greyish brown with Y-shaped lighter marking. Pronotum with a pair of brownish shields. The mandibles have two teeth (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Recorded on numerous genera and species
of Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Resedaceae and Tropaeolaceae, including Cochlearia, but not yet on Capsella, in Britain and Capsella, elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental
Europe. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland.
Ceutorhynchus
minutus
(Marsham, 1802)
[Coleoptera: Curculionidae]
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1b > Leaf-miner: In the first instar the larva mines the leaves, forming short,
irregular, blotch-like mines, but in later instars it lives externally,
feeding in spun leaves and often twisting those of tender shoots. Larval head light-brown or yellowish brown, edged with black postero-laterally,
ocellar area blackish; prothoracic plate black edged with whitish
anteriorly; abdomen dull dark green; pinacula distinct, black,
sometimes brownish but with black bases to setae; anal plate large,
black (Bradley et al., 1973).
Small,
full depth mine without a definite shape; little frass. Some silk
is deposited in the mine. The larva soon leaves the mine and continues
feeding among spun leaves (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on numerous genera and species of plant families, but not yet
on Capsella, in Britain. Recorded on numerous genera
and species of plant families including Capsella elsewhere.
Widespread in Britain and continental Europe. Also recorded from
the Channel Is.
Cnephasia
incertana (Treitschke,
1835) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]
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