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EUPATORIUM. Hemp-agrimony [Asteraceae]
Hemp-agrimony (E. cannabinum) is the only species of Eupatorium recorded in Britain. Nine Diptera miners, the agromyzids Calycomyza artemisiae, Chromatomyia 'atricornis', Liriomyza eupatoriana, Liriomyza eupatorii, Liriomyza strigata and Phytomyza eupatorii and the tephritids Stemonocera cornuta, Trypeta artemisiae and Trypeta zoe are recorded on Eupatorium in Britain. The agromyzids Liriomyza sativae and Liriomyza trifolii, polyphagous pest species of ornamental and vegetable crops occasionally intercepted at UK points of entry, are recorded on Eupatorium. Liriomyza trifolii has been found under glass in England and Wales. All populations have been and continue to be eradicated. The agromyzid Melanagromyza eupatorii is recorded boring the stems of Eupatorium in Britain and elsewhere.	Hemp Agrimony Eupatorium cannibinum.
Elsewhere the agromyzids Calycomyza artemisiae, Chromatomyia 'atricornis', Liriomyza eupatoriana, Liriomyza eupatorii, Liriomyza sativae, Liriomyza strigata, Liriomyza trifolii and Phytomyza eupatorii and the tephritids Stemonocera cornuta and Trypeta zoe are recorded mining Eupatorium. Three non-Diptera miners are recorded on Eupatorium in Britain (see below). Elsewhere one additional British miner is recorded on Eupatorium (see below). A key to the European miners, based on characteristics of the mines, immature stages and where relevant the larval cases, recorded on Eupatorium is provided in Bladmineerders van Europa. This includes Calycomyza artemisiae, Chromatomyia cf. syngenesiae, Liriomyza eupatoriana, Liriomyza eupatorii, Liriomyza strigata, Phytomyza eupatorii, Stemonocera cornuta, Trypeta zoe, Coleophora conyzae, Coleophora follicularis, Coleophora inulae and Digitivalva pulicariae but not Amauromyza gyrans, Phytosciara macrotricha, Trypeta artemisiae.

Key for the identification of the known Diptera mines on Eupatorium in Great Britain and Ireland

1> Blotch mine. 2. -> Corridor mine. 3. 2> Larva forming whitish/greenish blotch. Pupation external, on the ground. Puparium reddish-brown Mine of Calycomyza artemisiae on Artemisia vulgaris Image: Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) On Artemisia and Eupatorium in Britain and additional Asteraceae elsewhere. Widespread in England and Continental Europe. Also recorded in China, Japan, Colombia and Canada. Calycomyza artemisiae (Kaltenbach) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. -> Blotch mine. Pupation external. Puparium yellow Mine of Stemonocera cornuta on Eupatorium cannabinum Image: Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) On Eupatorium in Britain and additional genera of Asteraceae elsewhere. England, as far north as York, and Wales. Widespread in Europe. Also recorded in the East Palaearctic. Stemonocera cornuta (Scopoli) [Diptera: Tephritidae]. -> Blotch mine. Pupation external. Puparium yellow Mine of Trypeta artemisiae on Artemisia vulgaris Image: Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) On numerous genera of Asteraceae in Britain and elsewhere. In Britain more common in the north than in the south. Also throughout the Palaearctic Region except the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern areas. Trypeta artemisiae (Fabricius) [Diptera: Tephritidae]. -> Mine filling apex of leaf segment, with short final section extending further into leaf. Pupation normally in leaf at end of mine. Mine of Liriomyza eupatoriana on Eupatorium cannabinum Image: Rob Edmunds (British leafminers) On Eupatorium in Britain and elsewhere. Uncommon in Britain - Wilts and Cambridge. Widespread in Europe Liriomyza eupatoriana Spencer [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. 3> Mine primarily associated with the mid-rib. 4. -> Mine not primarily associated with the mid-rib. 5. 4> Corridor mine following the mid-rib, with lateral offshoots. Puparium yellow On numerous genera of Asteraceae. Throughout the British Isles, more common in the south than the north. Also Europe. Trypeta zoe Meigen [Diptera: Tephritidae]. -> A distinctive mine primarily above mid-rib, with irregular short lateral offshoots into leaf blade. Pupation external. On more than 40 host genera in 15 families in Britain. Widespread throughout Britain. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland and is widespread and common in Europe. Liriomyza strigata (Meigen) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. 5> Mine linear, whitish, both upper and lower surface. Pupation internal, at the end of the mine, with the anterior spiracles projecting through the epidermis. Two highly polyphagous species of Chromatomyia, with indistinguishable mines, have been recorded in Britain. These are syngenesiae (Hardy) and horticola (Goureau). British records of horticola and syngenesiae on Asteraceae hosts not based on examination of the genitalia of reared males are treated here as Chromatomyia 'atricornis'. Chromatomyia 'atricornis' auctt. [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. -> A linear mine commencing with a conspicuous regular spiral and then continuing a considerable distance more or less straight. Mine of Liriomyza eupatorii on Eupatorium cannabinum Image: Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) On Aster, Eupatorium, Helianthus, Lapsana and Solidago [Asteraceae] and Galeopsis [Lamiaceae] in Britain and Europe. Widespread in England. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread in Europe and recorded in Canada. Liriomyza eupatorii (Kaltenbach) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. -> Mine long, linear, upper or lower surface, often adjoining a vein. Puparium black Mine of Phytomyza eupatorii on Eupatorium cannabinum Image: Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) On Eupatorium in Britain and elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and Europe. Phytomyza eupatorii Hendel [Diptera: Agromyzidae].

Non-Diptera miners recorded on Eupatorium in Britain Coleophora conyzae Zeller, 1868 [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae]   Leaf-miner and case-bearer: The larva makes at least two cases and leaves the empty case by the cut out leaf section. The early cases are compressed with keels, dorsally and laterally. Later cases are more tubular and hairy (from the hairy leaves, used to make the case) (British leafminers). Larva in a spathulate leaf case. It is 10-12 mm long, straght, brown, tubular, patently hairy (depending on the hostplant), bivalved. The mouth angle is rather variable, usually around 45°. An unusual character of this species is that after each moult the larva makes a new case; the old, vacated case is left at the place where the new one is made, at the leaf margin ( Bladmineerders van Europa). Case of Coleophora conyzae Image: Tony Prichard (British leafminers) More..   Coleophora follicularis (Vallot, 1802) [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae]   Leaf-miner and case-bearer: Larva mines leaves. On Eupatorium the case is extended at the anal end by adding silk and widened by cutting a ventral gusset. On Inula the case is firstly extended by adding rings of leaf-cuticle at the oral end, before reverting to the method used when on Eupatorium. The full-grown case is 10 mm long (British leafminers). A slender tubular silken case, about 10 mm long, straw coloured, three valved. Mouth angle about 30° (Bladmineerders van Europa). Case of Coleophora follicularis on Eupatorium cannabinum Image: Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) More..   Digitivalva pulicariae (Klimesch, 1956) [Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae]   Leaf-mine: The larva mines the leaves, forming brownish or whitish inflated blotches (UKMoths). Whitish or brownish full depth blotch, preceded by a short corridor that originates on the midrib or in the leaf base. Frass grains irregularly dispersed; part of the frass is ejected from the mine. The larva makes several mines. Pupation outside the mine (Bladmineerders van Europa). More..   Additional British non-Diptera miners recorded on Eupatorium elsewhere Coleophora inulae Wocke, 1877 [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae]   Leaf-miner and case-bearer: The larva builds a 'pistol case' (UKMoths). The mature case is around 15mm long with a slightly swollen middle region, being palest at the anal end (British leafminers). Larva in a slender tubular silken case. The case is about 15 mm long, yellow-grey, and trivalved. The mouth angle is about 0°-10°, causing the case to lie flat on the leaf (Bladmineerders van Europa). More..

Last updated 11-Aug-2010  Brian Pitkin

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