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HIERACIUM. Hawkweeds. [Asteraceae]

More than two hundred and sixty species of Hieracium are recorded in Britain. Two hundred and forty-nine species are native. Weak-leaved Hawkweed (Hieracium attenuatifolium), Northroe Hawkweed (H. northroense) and Shetland Hawkweed (H. zetlandicum) are protected under Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. Seven Diptera miners, the agromyzids Chromatomyia 'atricornis', Liriomyza hieracii, Liriomyza strigata, Ophiomyia pulicaria, Phytomyza marginella, Phytomyza rufescens and the tephritid Trypeta immaculata, are recorded on Hieracium in Britain. The agromyzid Melanagromyza oliophaga is recorded boring the stems of Hieracium in Britain and elsewhere. Elsewhere the agromyzids Chromatomyia 'atricornis', Liriomyza hieracii, Ophiomyia curvipalpis, Ophiomyia heringi, Ophiomyia pulicaria, Liriomyza strigata, Phytomyza erigerophila, Phytomyza marginella and Phytomyza rufescens and the tephritid Trypeta immaculata are recorded mining Hieracium. Two non-Diptera miners are recorded on Hieracium in Britain (see below). A key to the European miners, based on characteristics of the mines, immature stages and where relevant the larval cases, recorded on Hieracium is provided in Bladmineerders van Europa. This includes Chromatomyia cf. syngenesiae, Liriomyza hieracii, Liriomyza hieracivora, Liriomyza strigata, Ophiomyia curvipalpis, Ophiomyia pulicaria, Phytomyza erigerophila, Phytomyza marginella, Phytomyza rufescens, Trypeta immaculata, Coleophora trochilella, Cystiphora sanguinea, Orthochaetes setiger and Scythris siccella.

Key for the identification of the known Diptera mines on Hieracium in Great Britain and Ireland

1> Mine primarily associated with mid-rib. 2. -> Mine not primarily associated with mid-rib. 3. 2> A distinctive mine primarily above mid-rib, with irregular short lateral offshoots into leaf blade. Pupation external.     Mines of Liriomyza strigata on Sonchus. Image: Crown copyright - courtesy of CSL On more than 40 host genera in 15 families in Britain. Widespread throughout Britain. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland and is widespread and common in Europe. Liriomyza strigata (Meigen) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. -> A whitish blotch-mine along the mid-rib, with lateral offshoots into the leaf blade. Pupation internal. Puparium pale, whitish-yellow Mine of Ophiomyia pulicaria on Taraxacum officinale. Image: Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) On Crepis, Hieracium, Hypochaeris, Leontodon, Picris, Pilosella, Sonchus and Taraxacum in Britain and additional genera of Asteraceae elsewhere. Widespread and common in Britain and Europe. Range extending east to Siberia. Also recorded from Canada. Ophiomyia pulicaria (Meigen) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. -> Mainly in basal leaves, running along mid-rib, with short lateral offshoots into leaf blade. Pupation takes place within the petiole or mid-rib. On Hieracium and Pilosella in Britain and elsewhere. Uncommon in Britain - Argyll, York and Warwick. Widespread in Europe. Phytomyza rufescens von Roser [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. 3> Larva mining both lower and upper surface, unusually long, linear, conspicuously broad, frequently largely on the underside of the leaf. Pupation external. Puparium black Mine of Phytomyza marginella on Lapsana communis Image: Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) On Crepis, Hieracium, Lapsana, Picris, Pilosella, Senecio, Sonchus and Taraxacum in Britain and additionally other genera of Asteraceae elsewhere. Widespread in southern Britain, also Sutherland, Inner Hebrides and Warwick. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland and Widespread in much of Europe. Phytomyza marginella Fallén [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. -> Mine linear, whitish, both upper and lower surface. Pupation internal, at the end of the mine, with the anterior spiracles projecting through the epidermis. Two highly polyphagous species of Chromatomyia, with indistinguishable mines, have been recorded in Britain. These are syngenesiae (Hardy) and horticola (Goureau). British records of horticola and syngenesiae on Asteraceae hosts not based on examination of the genitalia of reared males are treated here as Chromatomyia 'atricornis'. Chromatomyia 'atricornis' auctt. [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. -> The mine begins with a very narrow full depth corridor, that ends upon the midrib. Subsequently a broad corridor, or rather an elongated blotch, is made overlying the midrib; from here broad, lobe-like extensions are made into the blade. Frass in discrete grains. Secondary feeding lines conspicuous. The larva is capable of leaving the mine and restarting in a new leaf, in which case the association with the midrib may be lost. Pupation after vacation of the mine. Puparium yellow On Cichorium, Crepis, Hieracium and Taraxacum in Britain and additionally other genera of Asteraceae elsewhere. North-east Scotland, also throughout Ireland and Europe, except the Mediterranean area. Trypeta immaculata (Macquart) [Diptera: Tephritidae]. -> A small primary upper surface blotch. On Hieracium in Britain and elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and Europe Liriomyza hieracii Kaltenbach [Diptera: Agromyzidae].

Non-Diptera miners recorded on Hieracium in Britain Coleophora trochilella (Duponchel, 1843) [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae]   Leaf-miner and case-bearer: A straw-coloured, slender, three-valved tubular silken case; length about 10 mm, mouth angle 45° - 60°. Larva on the leaf underside. Perhaps because of the plant's dense felt cover, the case is attached with much silk, giving the holes a conspicuous white margin (Bladmineerders van Europa). Case of Coleophora trochilella on Artemisia vulgaris Image: Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) More..   Orthochaetes setiger (Beck, 1817) [Coleoptera: Curculionidae]   Leaf-mine: The mine begins in the midrib, especially in a lower leaf, extending into the leaf disc, branching irregularly or pinnately, may also locally be blotch like. The mine is brown and very transparent. Sides very irregularly eaten out. Frass loosely dispersed or in a loose central line, buy may also be pressed against the sides of the corridor. The larva may also leave the mine and restart elsewhere (Bladmineerders van Europa). Mine of Orthochaetes setiger Image: Rob Edmunds (British leafminers) The mine is also described and illustrated in British leafminers. More..

Last updated 12-Aug-2010  Brian Pitkin

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