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Key for the identification of the mines of British Diptera recorded on
Inula and Pulicaria
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Note: Diptera larvae may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, or a blotch mine, but never in a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Pupation never in a cocoon. All mining Diptera larvae are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue. In some corridor miners frass may lie in two rows on alternate sides of the mine. In order to vacate the mine the fully grown larva cuts an exit slit, which is usually semi-circular (see Liriomyza huidobrensis video). The pupa is formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
1a >
Leaf-miner: Mine linear, whitish, both upper and lower surface. Pupation internal,
at the end of the mine with the anterior spiracles projecting through
the epidermis (Spencer, 1976:
433). Upper-surface,
less often lower-surface corridor. Frass in isolated grains. Pupation
within the mine, in a, usually lower-surface, pupal chamber (Bladmineerders
van Europa). A long whitish upper surface corridor, which eventually goes lower surface (British
leafminers).
Two
highly polyphagous species of Chromatomyia, with indistinguishable
mines, have been recorded in Britain. These are syngenesiae
(Hardy) and horticola
(Goureau) which can only be distinguished by the male genitalia. Both are polyphagous and widespread in Britain and elsewhere, although syngenesiae is almost entirely restricted to Asteraceae (see also 'atricornis').
Chromatomyia horticola is recorded on 55 plant genera in 19 families in Britain but not yet on Inula in Britain.
Chromatomya syngenesiae is recorded in Britain on 27 plant genera in the family Asteraceae and many more genera elsewhere, including Inula in Britain.
Chromatomyia
horticola (Goureau, 1851) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
OR
Chromatomyia
syngenesiae Hardy, 1849 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
1b >
An irregularly linear mine which can be both on the upper and lower
leaf surface. Pupation takes place either at the end of the mine
in an exit slit cut in the leaf or on the ground. Puparium black
or dark brown
On
Inula and Pulicaria in Britain and additional genera
of Asteraceae elsewhere. Widespread in Britain. Also recorded
in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread in continental Europe and
particularly common in the Mediterranean area
Phytomyza
conyzae Hendel, 1920 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
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Key for the identification of British non-Diptera mines recorded on Inula
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Note:
The larvae of mining Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, a blotch mine, a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Larva may pupate in a silk cocoon. The larva may have at least six legs (although they may be reduced or absent), a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding). Larvae of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera usually also have abdominal legs (see examples). Frass, if present, never in two rows. Unless feeding externally from within a case the larva usually vacates the mine by chewing an exit hole. Pupa with visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
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1a > Stem miner
2
1b > Leaf miner
3 |
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2a > Leaf-miner
and case-bearer:
The larva makes at least two cases and leaves the empty case by
the cut out leaf section. The early cases are compressed with keels,
dorsally and laterally. Later cases are more tubular and hairy (from
the hairy leaves, used to make the case) (British
leafminers).
Larva
in a spathulate leaf case. It is 10-12 mm long, straght, brown,
tubular, patently hairy (depending on the hostplant), bivalved.
The mouth angle is rather variable, usually around 45°. An unusual
character of this species is that after each moult the larva makes
a new case; the old, vacated case is left at the place where the
new one is made, at the leaf margin (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on Eupatorium, Inula and Pulicaria in Britain and
elsewhere. Mainly distributed in southern England and Wales. A
colony has also been located in York, so it may occur elsewhere.
Widespread in continental Europe.
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Coleophora
conyzae Zeller, 1868 [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae].
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2b > Leaf-miner
and case-bearer:
Larva mines leaves. On Eupatorium the case is extended at
the anal end by adding silk and widened by cutting a ventral gusset.
On Inula the case is firstly extended by adding rings of
leaf-cuticle at the oral end, before reverting to the method used
when on Eupatorium. The full-grown case is 10 mm long (British
leafminers).
A
slender tubular silken case, about 10 mm long, straw coloured, three
valved. Mouth angle about 30° (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on Cirsium, Eupatorium, Inula and Pulicaria in Britain
and Achillea, Anthemis, Carduus, Cirsium, Eupatorium, Inula,
Leucanthemum, Pulicaria and Tanacetum elsewhere. Widespread
in England. Also recorded in Republic of Ireland. Widespread in
continental Europe.
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Coleophora
follicularis (Vallot, 1802) [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae].
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2c > Leaf-miner
and case-bearer:
The larva builds a 'pistol case' (UKMoths).
The
mature case is around 15mm long with a slightly swollen middle region,
being palest at the anal end (British
leafminers). Larva in a slender tubular silken case. The case
is about 15 mm long, yellow-grey, and trivalved. The mouth angle
is about 0°-10°, causing the case to lie flat on the leaf
(Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on Inula and Pulicaria in Britain and Eupatorium,
Inula and Pulicaria elsewhere. A scarce and very local
species which has a small number of tiny colonies in the south
of England, principally in Hants and the Isle of Wight. Widespread
in continental Europe.
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Coleophora
inulae Wocke, 1877 [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae].
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3a > Leaf-miner:
Mines the lower leaves, making them hollow. The mine is along the
midrib and broadens into a blotch (British
leafminers).
One
or several broad corridors, radiating from the leaf base, often
along the midrib, towards the leaf tip widening into a roundish
blotch, not containng any frass. The larva, that seems to feed only
at night, retreats during feeding pauses in the leaf base and is
invisible then. Often two larvae in a mine. Pupation in a little
separate mine (pupal chamber) (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on Inula conyzae in Britain and elsewhere. Southern England.
Widespread in continental Europe.
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Digitivalva
perlepidella (Stainton, 1849) [Lepidoptera:
Acrolepiidae].
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3b > Leaf-miner:
Rather narrow corridor, untidy and sometimes branched, starting
from the base of the leaf, in particular the midrib. Sides of the
corridor irregularly eaten out, not really parallel. Frass mostly
present, and then in a central line. The legless larva is capable of leaving the mine and start a new one elsewhere. These later mines are much broader, and the frass is scattered irregularly. (Bladmineerders
van Europa.
Host
plants unknown in Britain. Recorded on numerous genera and
species in several plant families, including Inula, elsewhere.
Recorded in southern England. Widespread in continental Europe.
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| Orthochaetes
insignis (Aube, 1863) [Coleoptera: Curculionidae]. |
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