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LATHYRUS.
Peas and Vetchlings. [Fabaceae]
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Thirty
species of Lathyrus are recorded in Britain. These include
the native species Grass Vetchling (L. nissolia), Sea Pea
(L. japonicus), Bitter-vetch (L. linifolius), Marsh
Pea (L. palustris), Meadow Vetchling (L. pratensis),
Yellow Vetchling (L. aphaca) and Narrow-leaved Everlasting-pea
(L. sylvestris) and the introduced Broad-leaved Everlasting-pea
(L. latifolius) and Black Pea (L. niger).
Marsh
Pea (L. palustris) is protected in Northern Ireland under
Schedule 8 of the Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order, 1985.
Six
Diptera miners, the agromyzids Agromyza
lathyri, Agromyza
varicornis, Chromatomyia
horticola, Liriomyza
congesta, Liriomyza
pisivora and Ophiomyia
orbiculata, are recorded on Lathyrus in Britain.
Elsewhere
the agromyzids Agromyza
lathyri, Agromyza
varicornis, Chromatomyia
horticola, Liriomyza
bryoniae, Liriomyza
congesta, Liriomyza
huidobrensis, Liriomyza
sativae, Liromyza
strigata, Liriomyza
trifolii and Phytoliriomyza
variegata are recorded mining Lathyrus.
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Broad-leaved
Everlasting-pea
Lathyrus latifolius
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Four
non-Diptera mines, are recorded on Lathyrus in Britain (see below).
Elsewhere
two additional British non-Diptera miners are recorded on Lathyrus
(see below).
The
tortricid Ancylis paludana
is recorded spinning leaves of Lathyrus.
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Key for the identification of the mines of British Diptera recorded on
Lathyrus
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Note: Diptera larvae may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, or a blotch mine, but never in a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Pupation never in a cocoon. All mining Diptera larvae are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue. In some corridor miners frass may lie in two rows on alternate sides of the mine. In order to vacate the mine the fully grown larva cuts an exit slit, which is usually semi-circular (see Liriomyza huidobrensis video). The pupa is formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
1a >
Stem or root miner
2
1b >
Leaf miner
3
2a >
Stem or root miner: Pupation in the stem, near or even
below ground level. Puparium reddish brown, anterior spiracles projecting
through the epidermis.
On
Lathyrus, Pisum and Vicia in Britain and
Lathyrus and Pisum elsewhere. Widespread in the
south of Britain. Widespread in much of Europe.
Ophiomyia
orbiculata (Hendel, 1931) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
2b> Stem miner: A long white mine mainly in the winged stem, frequently starting
in leaf.
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Mine
of Agromyza varicornis on Lathyrus latifolius
Image: Colin Plant (British
leafminers) |
On
Lathyrus latifolius and Lathyrus sylvestris in Britain
and elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental Europe.
Agromyza
varicornis Strobl, 1898 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
3a >
Leaf miner:
Initially a lower-surface linear mine, which later develops into
large whitish blotch which appears like a pale mottled area from
above, due to variable depth of feeding through to upper surface.
Less frequently feeding in upper surface or stem. Puparium reddish
On
Lathyrus grandiflorus, Lathyrus latifolius, Lathyrus rotundifolius,
Lathyrus tuberosus and Pisum sativum in Britain and
additional species and genera of Fabaceae elsewhere. Widespread
in southern England - Kent, Surrey, Warwick and Cambridge and
Widespread in continental Europe.
Agromyza
lathyri Hendel, 1923 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
3b >
Leaf-miner: Mine linear, whitish, both upper and lower surface. Pupation internal,
at the end of the mine with the anterior spiracles projecting through
the epidermis (Spencer, 1976:
433). Upper-surface,
less often lower-surface corridor. Frass in isolated grains. Pupation
within the mine, in a, usually lower-surface, pupal chamber (Bladmineerders
van Europa). A long whitish upper surface corridor, which eventually goes lower surface (British
leafminers).
Two
highly polyphagous species of Chromatomyia, with indistinguishable
mines, have been recorded in Britain. These are syngenesiae
(Hardy) and horticola
(Goureau) which can only be distinguished by the male genitalia.
Both are polyphagous and widespread in Britain and elsewhere,
although syngenesiae is almost entirely restricted to Asteraceae
(see also 'atricornis').
Chromatomyia
horticola (Goureau, 1851) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
OR
Chromatomyia
syngenesiae Hardy, 1849 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
3c >
Leaf miner:
An upper surface linear mine with frass in conspicuous greenish
strips, largely alternating at each side of the channel. Puparium
yellow
On
numerous genera of Fabaceae, including Lathyrus, in Britain
and elsewhere. Widespread in Britain. Also recorded in the Republic
of Ireland and widespread and common throughout most of Europe.
Liriomyza congesta (Becker, 1903) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
3d >
Leaf miner:
A long linear mine, normally starting on lower surface, frass in
black strips alternately at sides of mine.
On
Lathryus, Pisum and Vicia in Britain and
Lathryus and Pisum elsewhere. Only known from Kent,
Surrey, Herts and Warwick in Britain. Widespread in continental
Europe
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Liriomyza
pisivora Hering, 1957 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
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Key for the identification of British non-Diptera mines recorded on Lathyrus
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Note:
The larvae of mining Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, a blotch mine, a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Larva may pupate in a silk cocoon. The larva may have at least six legs (although they may be reduced or absent), a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding). Larvae of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera usually also have abdominal legs (see examples). Frass, if present, never in two rows. Unless feeding externally from within a case the larva usually vacates the mine by chewing an exit hole. Pupa with visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
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| 1 > Leaf-miner: The
first generation initially forms an unmistakable leaf-mine on Anthyllis
vulneraria, but the second generation feeds on the flowers.
Feeding signs on other plants vary in appearance. Larvae can move
between sewn leaves, and more than one larva may be found together
(UKMoths). Larvae
in a small full depth blotch, often with extensions. Frass concentrated
in one corner of the mine. The mining activities may cause the leaf
to roll inwards. Older larvae live free among spun leaves, but still
they may make then full depth mines by feeding on the leaf tissue
from a small opening (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
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Recorded
on Anthyllis, Medicago, Onobrychis, Ononis and Trifolium, but not yet on Lathyrus, in Britain and
Anthyllis, Chamaecytisus, Coronilla, Cysisus, Dorycnium, Galega,
Glycine, Hymenocarpus, Lathyrus
,
Lotus, Medicago, Melilotus, Onobrychis, Ononis, Ornithopus, Oxytropis,
Phaseolus, Psoralea, Trifolium, Trigonella and Vicia
elsewhere. Britain including the Channel Is. and Northern Ireland.
Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread in continental
Europe.
Aproaerema
anthyllidella (Hübner, 1813) [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae]
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1b > Leaf-miner: In the first instar the larva mines the leaves, forming short,
irregular, blotch-like mines, but in later instars it lives externally,
feeding in spun leaves and often twisting those of tender shoots. Larval head light-brown or yellowish brown, edged with black postero-laterally,
ocellar area blackish; prothoracic plate black edged with whitish
anteriorly; abdomen dull dark green; pinacula distinct, black,
sometimes brownish but with black bases to setae; anal plate large,
black (Bradley et al., 1973).
Small,
full depth mine without a definite shape; little frass. Some silk
is deposited in the mine. The larva soon leaves the mine and continues
feeding among spun leaves (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on numerous genera and species of several plant families, including
Lathyrus, in Britain and elsewhere. Widespread in Britain
and continental Europe. Also recorded from the Channel Is.
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Cnephasia
incertana (Treitschke, 1835) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae].
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1c > Leaf-miner:
A
blotch mine is formed with a small area of browning of the leaf
around the egg (British
leafminers).
Flat,
upper-surface, oval blotch without a preceding gallery, with clear
amounts of greenish frass. Sometimes more than one mine in a leaflet,
that can merge. Pupation outside the mine (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on Vicia, but not yet on Lathyrus,
in Britain and Lathyrus and Vicia elsewhere. Britain
(Karsholt and van Nieukerken in Fauna
Europaea) including Dorset.
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Cosmopterix
schmidiella Frey, 1856 [Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae].
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1d > Leaf-miner: A
blotch mine is formed with a small area of browning of the leaf
around the egg (British
leafminers).
Flat,
upper-surface, oval blotch without a preceding gallery, with clear
amounts of greenish frass. Sometimes more than one mine in a leaflet,
that can merge. Pupation outside the mine (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on Lathyrus in Britain and elsewhere. Isle of Wight and
South Devon. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread
in northwest continental Europe.
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Leucoptera
lathyrifoliella (Stainton, 1866) [Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae].
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1e > Leaf-miner:
Lower surface tentiform mine that occupies only part of a leaflet.
In full grown leaves the mine is strongly inflated and is largely
hidden by the leaf. Unlike other species the entire leaflet is not
mined out (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on Ononis and Trifoliumin Britain, but
not yet on Lathyrus, in Britain and Lathyrus,
Medicago, Ononis, Trifolium and Vicia elsewhere. North
Ebudes. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread in
continental Europe.
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Phyllonorycter
insignitella (Zeller, 1846) [Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae].
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1f > Leaf-miner: The mine is underside, occupying the whole leaflet, which turns
down at edges (British
leafminers).
Lower
surface tentiform mine that occupies an entire leaflet; lower epidermis
strongly folded. Fully developed mines are strongly inflated and
the leaflet is so completely folded over the mine that the latter
becomes practically invisible. In this stage the larva has consumed
also all tissue in the roof of the mine, making the mine very conspicuous
(Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on Lathyrus, Medicago, Trifolium and Vicia in Britain
and Lathyrus, Lotus, Medicago, Trifolium and Vicia
elsewhere. England, Ireland and continental Europe.
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| Phyllonorycter
nigrescentella (Logan, 1851) [Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae]. |
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