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MATTHIOLA. Stocks. [Brassicaceae] |
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Five species of Matthiola are recorded in Britain. These include the native Hoary Stock (M. incana) and Biennial Sea Stock (M. sinuata) and the introduced Nght-scented Stock (M. longipetala) and Sad Stock (M. fruticulosa). Only one Diptera miner, the polyphagous drosophilid Scaptomyza flava, is recorded on Matthiola in Britain. Elsewhere the polyphagous agromyzids Liriomyza strigata and Liriomyza huidobrensis and the drosophilid Scaptomyza flava are recorded mining Matthiola. No non-Diptera miners are recorded on Matthiola in Britain. Elsewhere one British non-Diptera miner is recorded on Matthiola (see below). |
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Note: Diptera larvae may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, or a blotch mine, but never in a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Pupation never in a cocoon. All mining Diptera larvae are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue. In some corridor miners frass may lie in two rows on alternate sides of the mine. In order to vacate the mine the fully grown larva cuts an exit slit, which is usually semi-circular (see Liriomyza huidobrensis video). The pupa is formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples). 1 > Leaf-miner: Corridor-blotch leaf-mine, normally dorsal; usually whitish; in small leaves it lies characteristically in the centre of the leaf often touching the petiole; in larger leaves it lies to one side of the mid-rib. Frass deposited in green clumps near the leaf margin. Pupation usually external, sometimes in a separate pupation mine.
Scaptomyza flava (Fallén, 1823) [Diptera: Drosophilidae]. |
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Key
for the identification of the mines of British
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Note: The larvae of mining Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, a blotch mine, a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Larva may pupate in a silk cocoon. The larva may have at least six legs (although they may be reduced or absent), a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding). Larvae of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera usually also have abdominal legs (see examples). Frass, if present, never in two rows. Unless feeding externally from within a case the larva usually vacates the mine by chewing an exit hole. Pupa with visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
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1 > Leaf-miner: Rather small, untidy, full depth, often branched corridor, often close to the leaf margin. Sides irregularly eaten out. Frass in a greyish-green central line that is interrupted from time to time, sometimes partly in strings. In times of rain the frass may run out and appear greenish. Usually several mines in a leaf (Bladmineerders van Europa). The legless larva is rather shapeless, with a well-sclerotised head. The body is whitish; head greyish brown with Y-shaped lighter marking. Pronotum with a pair of brownish shields. The mandibles have two teeth (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Ceutorhynchus minutus (Marsham, 1802) [Coleoptera: Curculionidae] |
| Last updated 07-Feb-2012 Brian Pitkin |  |
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