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Note: Diptera larvae may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, or a blotch mine, but never in a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Pupation never in a cocoon. All mining Diptera larvae are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue. In some corridor miners frass may lie in two rows on alternate sides of the mine. In order to vacate the mine the fully grown larva cuts an exit slit, which is usually semi-circular (see Liriomyza huidobrensis video). The pupa is formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
1a >
Stem or petiole miner: Mine with offshoots into the leaf blade.
2
1b > Leaf-miner
3
2 > Stem miner: An external stem mine; posterior spiracles each bearing
numerous (up to 29) pores, on three arms. Pupating in the mine.
Puparium black.
On
Ranunculus acris in Britain and in addition other species
of Ranunculus elsewhere. Uncommon in Britain, known only
from Wilts and Dunbarton. Widespread in continental Europe.
Ophiomyia
ranunculicaulis Hering, 1949 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
3a > Leaf-miner:
The larva mines in the petiole, from where it makes corridors fanning
out in the blade. The corridors are parallel-sided, little branched
and almost full-depth. In fresh mine primary feeding lines are visible.
Pupation outside the mine
On
Ranunculus repens in Britain and additional other species
of Ranunculus elsewhere. Known only from London in Britain.
Widespread in continental Europe.
Phytomyza
stolonigena Hering, 1949 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
3b > Leaf-miner:
A primary blotch at the tip of the leaf segment. Details of larva
and puparium unknown.
On
Ranunculus acris in Britain and elsewhere. Recorded only
in Banff and Inverness in Britain. Widespread in continental Europe.
Phytomyza
rydeni Hering, 1934 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
3c > Leaf-miner:
A linear mine, normally at the apex of leaf, winding backwards and
forwards and thus forming a secondary blotch which quickly turns
brown. Pupation internal. Puparium varies in colour from white to
brown (black).
On
Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus bulbosus and Ranunculus
repens in Britain and additional other Ranunculus species
elsewhere. Widespread in Britain in much of Europe.
Phytomyza
fallaciosa Brischke, 1880 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
3d > Leaf-miner:
Long,
upper-surface corridor with the frass in relatively large, widely
dispersed fragments. Pupation outside the mine; exit slit in lower
epidermis (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
On
Ranunculus acris in Britain and additional Ranunculus
species elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental Europe.
Phytomyza
ranunculivora Hering, 1932 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
3e > Leaf-miner:
A conspicuous white linear mine with frass in closely adjoining
grains. Pupation external. Puparium greyish or brown.
On
Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus bulbosus, Ranunculus ficaria,
Ranunculus flammula, Ranunculus lingua, Ranunculus repens and
Ranunculus sardous in Britain and adiitonal Ranunculus
species elsewhere. Common and widespread throughout England and
Scotland in Britain. Widespread throughout Europe, ange extending
to the Kirghiz Republic of the [former] U.S.S.R. Also recorded
in Canada, Chile and Japan.
Phytomyza
ranunculi (Schrank, 1803) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
3f > Leaf-miner:
Mine short, broad, essentially linear, sometimes with a small brown
patch at beginning. Pupation external. Puparium dark brown.
On
Ranunculus acris and Ranunculus repens in Britain
and additional Ranunculus species elsewhere. Probably widespread,
at least in south, in Britain. Widespread in continental Europe.
Phytomyza
notata Meigen, 1830 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
3g > Leaf-miner: Full depth, initially a much branched corridor, irregular
in width, in the end almost a blotch. The mine has openings by which
part of the frass is ejected. The larvae frequently leave the mine
to restart elsewhere. Older larva live free and cause window feeding,
often erasing their old mines. In Coltsfoot also pseudo-mines are
made, when the larva eats away the lower epidermis with the leaf
tissue, but spares the dense hair cover.
On
Ranunculus in Britain and numerous genera and species in
several families elsewhere. Distribution in Britain unknown. Widespread
in continental Europe.
Phytosciara
halterata
Lengersdorf, 1926
[Diptera: Sciaridae].
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