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SERRATULA.
Saw-wort. [Asteraceae]
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Only
one species of Serratula is recorded in Britain - the native
Saw-wort (S. tinctoria).
Only
one Diptera miner, the polyphagous agromyzid Chromatomyia
syngenesiae,
is recorded on Serratula in Britain.
Elsewhere
the agromyzids Chromatomyia
'atricornis' and Phytomyza
spinaciae are recorded mining Serratula.
Two
non-Diptera miners are recorded on Serratula in Britain (see
below).
Elsewhere
two additional British non-Diptera miners are recorded on Serratula
(see below).
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Key for the identification of the mines of British Diptera recorded on
Arctium and Serratula |
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Note: Diptera larvae may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, or a blotch mine, but never in a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Pupation never in a cocoon. All mining Diptera larvae are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue. In some corridor miners frass may lie in two rows on alternate sides of the mine. In order to vacate the mine the fully grown larva cuts an exit slit, which is usually semi-circular (see Liriomyza huidobrensis video). The pupa is formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
1a > Blotch mine restricted by leaf veins; frass in irregular lumps.
Only
on Arctium in Britain and elsewhere. Only recorded in Warwick
in Britain. Also recordeded in continental Europe.
Pegomya
laticornis (Fallén, 1825) [Diptera: Anthomyiidae].
1b > Leaf-miner: A large blotch, yellow or brown, preceded by a short,
in the end mostly unrecognisable corridor. Generally several larvae
in the mine. Especially in fresh mines the green primary and feeding
lines area well marked. Pupation outside the mine.
On Angelica and possibly Arctium and Heracleum in Britain. Widespread but very rare in Britain. Also recorded
in the Republic of Ireland and throughout Europe, except in the
south.
Cryptaciura
rotundiventris (Fallén, 1814) [Diptera: Tephritidae].
1c > Leaf-miner: Linear, corridor mine.
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2a > Leaf-miner: Mine linear, whitish, both upper and lower surface. Pupation internal,
at the end of the mine with the anterior spiracles projecting through
the epidermis (Spencer, 1976:
433). Upper-surface,
less often lower-surface corridor. Frass in isolated grains. Pupation
within the mine, in a, usually lower-surface, pupal chamber (Bladmineerders
van Europa). A long whitish upper surface corridor, which eventually goes lower surface (British
leafminers).
Two
highly polyphagous species of Chromatomyia, with indistinguishable
mines, have been recorded in Britain. These are syngenesiae (Hardy) and horticola (Goureau) which can only be distinguished by the male genitalia. Both are polyphagous and widespread in Britain and elsewhere, although syngenesiae is almost entirely restricted to Asteraceae (see also 'atricornis').
Chromatomyia horticola is recorded on 55 plant genera in 19 families in Britain but not yet on Arctium in Britain.
Chromatomya syngenesiae is recorded in Britain on 27 plant genera in the family Asteraceae and many more genera elsewhere, including Arctium in Britain.
Chromatomyia 'atricornis' has been recorded on Arctium in Britain.
Chromatomyia
horticola (Goureau, 1851) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
OR
Chromatomyia
syngenesiae Hardy, 1849 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
2b > Leaf-miner: An unusually long, narrow, whitish linear mine,
frequently following a vein. Numerous larvae can occur together
in a single leaf which can be completely eaten out. Pupation external.
Puparium black
On Arctium lappa, Arctium minus and Arctium nemorosum in Britain and elsewhere. Widespread and common throughout British
Isles. Common in much of Europe. Range extending eastwards to
Kazakhastan, Uzbekistan and the Kirghiz Republics of the [former]
U.S.S.R.
Phytomyza
lappae Goureau, 1851 [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
Key for the identification of the mines of British non-Diptera recorded on
Serratula
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Note:
The larvae of mining Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, a blotch mine, a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Larva may pupate in a silk cocoon. The larva may have at least six legs (although they may be reduced or absent), a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding). Larvae of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera usually also have abdominal legs (see examples). Frass, if present, never in two rows. Unless feeding externally from within a case the larva usually vacates the mine by chewing an exit hole. Pupa with visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
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1a > Leaf-miner and case bearer: The larva lives outside the mine, protected by a case, and feeds on the underlying plant tisses via a hole cut in the epidermis. Mine does not contain frass (Coleophora species)
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1b > Leaf-miner, but not a case-bearer: The larva lives mainly inside the mine. Mine usually contains frass. In later instars the larva may live sandwiched between two more or less circular sections cut from the leaf e.g. Incurvaria species.
3
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2a > Leaf-miner
and case-bearer: Larva mines leaves (British
leafminers). The larva builds a case from silk, resembling a
razor shell in appearance. (UKMoths).
The
full-grown case is 12 mm long and blackish-brown (British
leafminers). The full grown larva lives in a blackish brown
trivalved tubular silken case of about 8 mm.
Recorded
on Arctium, Centaurea, Cirsium, Serratula in Britain and Arctium, Carduus, Centaurea, Cirsium, Saussurea
and Serratula elsewhere. Widespread in Britain, Ireland and
continental Europe.
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Coleophora
paripennella Zeller, 1839 [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae].
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3a > Leaf-miner:
Short, gradually widening, brown, corridor, 9-13 mm long and 0.5-2
mm wide. At he start of the mine a small lower-surface hole, lined
with silk, through which frass is ejected. The older larva lives
free in a spinning under the leaf or, even later, in a leaf that
is spun upwards into a pod (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on Serratula in Britain and elsewhere. Britain (Karsholt
and van Nieukerken in Fauna
Europaea) including East Cornwall and West Cornwall. Russia
East and East Palaearctic.
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Agonopterix
kuznetzovi Lvovsky, 1983 [Lepidoptera: Depressariidae].
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| 3b > Leaf-miner: The eggs of this species are laid on a leaf, with the larvae mining
the underside of the leaf, until a late instar when it feeds in
a web under the midrib of the leaf, causing visible blotching on
the upperside (UKMoths).
Short,
full depth corridor. The larva relatively long lives as a miner,
but finally leaves the mine and continues living in spinning along
the midrib at the leaf underside, from where windows are eaten in
the leaf (Bladmineerders
van Europa). |
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Mines of Agonopterix propinquella on Cirsium arvense
Image: ©
Ian Smith (UKMoths) |
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Recorded
on Cirsium, but not yet on Serratula, in
Britain and Arctium, Carduus, Centaurea, Cirsium, Cynara, Mycelis
and Serratula elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental
Europe.
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Agonopterix
propinquella (Treitschke, 1835) [Lepidoptera: Depressariidae].
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3c > Leaf-miner: In the first instar the larva mines the leaves, forming short,
irregular, blotch-like mines, but in later instars it lives externally,
feeding in spun leaves and often twisting those of tender shoots. Larval head light-brown or yellowish brown, edged with black postero-laterally,
ocellar area blackish; prothoracic plate black edged with whitish
anteriorly; abdomen dull dark green; pinacula distinct, black,
sometimes brownish but with black bases to setae; anal plate large,
black (Bradley et al., 1973).
Small,
full depth mine without a definite shape; little frass. Some silk
is deposited in the mine. The larva soon leaves the mine and continues
feeding among spun leaves (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on numerous genera and species of several plant families, but
not yet on Serratula, in Britain. Recorded on numerous
genera and species of several plant families, including Serratula,
elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental Europe. Also
recorded from the Channel Is.
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| Cnephasia
incertana (Treitschke, 1835) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]. |
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