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STACHYS.
Woundworts. [Lamiaceae]
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Fourteen
species of Stachys are recorded in Britain. These include
the native Field Woundwort (S. arvensis), Downy Woundwort
(S. germanica), Marsh Woundwort (S. palustris), Limestone
Woundwort (S. alpina), Betony (S. officinalis), Hedge
Woundwort (S. sylvatica) and Hybrid Woundwort (S. x ambigua).
Stachys
officinalis is treated as Betonica officinalis by Stace
(2010).
Limestone
Woundwort (S. alpina) and Downy Woundwort (S. germanica)
are protected under Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act,
1981.
Betony
(S. officinalis) is protected in Northern Ireland under Schedule
8 of the Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order, 1985.
Three
Diptera miners, the agromyzids Amauromyza
labiatarum, Amauromyza
morionella and Ophiomyia
labiatarum, are recorded on Stachys in Britain.
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Betony
Stachys officinalis
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Elsewhere
the agromyzids Amauromyza
lamii, Amauromyza
morionella,
Chromatomyia
horticola,
Liriomyza
sativae, Liriomyza
strigata and Ophiomyia
labiatarum are recorded mining Stachys.
Four
non-Diptera miners are recorded on Stachys in Britain (see below).
Elsewhere
three additional British non-Diptera miners are recorded on Stachys
(see below).
N.B.
The key to mines below also include mines recorded on Ballota,
Lamiastrum, Stachys and Teucrium
(Lamiaceae).
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Key for the identification of the mines of British Diptera recorded on
Ballota, Betonica, Lamiastrum, Stachys and Teucrium
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Note: Diptera larvae may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, or a blotch mine, but never in a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Pupation never in a cocoon. All mining Diptera larvae are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue. In some corridor miners frass may lie in two rows on alternate sides of the mine. In order to vacate the mine the fully grown larva cuts an exit slit, which is usually semi-circular (see Liriomyza huidobrensis video). The pupa is formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
1a >
Stem mine. A shallow, inconspicuous external stem mine. Pupation
in stem near a node. Puparium whitish-grey
On
Clinopodium, Galeopsis, Lamium, and Stachys in Britain
and Calamintha, Galeopsis, Lamium, Nepeta, Prunella, Satureja
and Stachys elsewhere. Widespread in Britain including
Surrey, Oxford, Hunts, Warwick, Suffolk and Perth. Widespread in continental Europe. Also recorded from the East Palaearctic.
Ophiomyia
labiatarum Hering, 1937 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
1b >
Leaf mine.
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2a >
An initially linear mine, which at second instar develops into a
large whitish blotch with conspicuous black frass. The early linear
mine is frequently entirely enveloped by the blotch but is detectable
by the alternate irregular strips of frass. Pupation external. Puparium
reddish brown.
On
Ajuga, Ballota, Lamium, Marrubium and Stachys in
Britain and additional Lamiaceae elsewhere. In southern England
and Europe.
Amauromyza
morionella (Zetterstedt, 1848) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
2b >
A linear-blotch mine, first instar mine is linear, later developing
into a conspicuous white blotch. Frass greenish diffused.
On
numerous genera of Lamiaceae in Britain and elsewhere. Widespread
and locally common in south of England. Also recorded in the Republic
of Ireland and widespread and frequently common in continental Europe.
Amauromyza
labiatarum (Hendel, 1920) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
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Key for the identification of British non-Diptera mines recorded on Stachys
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Note:
The larvae of mining Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, a blotch mine, a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Larva may pupate in a silk cocoon. The larva may have at least six legs (although they may be reduced or absent), a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding). Larvae of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera usually also have abdominal legs (see examples). Frass, if present, never in two rows. Unless feeding externally from within a case the larva usually vacates the mine by chewing an exit hole. Pupa with visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
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1a > Miner and case bearer. The larva lives outside the mine, protected by a case, and feeds on the underlying plant tisses via a hole cut in the epidermis. Mine does not contain frass (Coleophora species)
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1b > Miner, but not a case-bearer, although it may live sandwiched between two more or less circular sections cut from the leaf in later instars e.g. Incurvaria species. The larva lives mainly inside the mine. Mine usually contains frass
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2a > Leaf-miner
and case-bearer:
Blotch
mines reaching the edge of the leaf, initially pale green turning
brownish white, are caused by the larva feeding on the underside
of a leaf (UKMoths).
The
fully developed case is slender, shining black brown, about 9 mm
long. Towards the end a narrow, transparent yellowish ventral keel.
Mouth angle 50-60°. Cases on the leaf underside (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on Calamintha, Clinopodium, Glechoma, ? Lycopus, Mentha, Nepeta,
Origanum, Prunella, Salvia, Stachys and Thymus in Britain
plus Melissa, Melittis and Satureja but not Calamintha
elsewhere. Throughout England and Wales and a few places in Scotland.
Widespread in continental Europe.
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Coleophora
albitarsella Zeller, 1849 [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae].
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2b > Leaf-miner
and case-bearer:
The mines are large and obvious on the upper side of the leaf, betraying
the larva or larvae on the lower side (UKMoths).
Cases
are broad and flat - being very hairy from the texture of the leaf
(British
leafminers).
Immediately
after emergence the larva makes a full depth, quickly widening,
corridor, with frass as small grains in a broad central band. Finally
results in a blotch of 2 x 5 mm, from which the young case is cut.
The fully developed case is a hairy, greyish brown to silver grey
lobe case case of about 1 cm long, with a clearly laterally compressed
end; the mouth angle is about 90°. The case is difficult to
separate from that of C. ochripennella (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on Ballota, Lamium, Marrubium and Stachys in Britain
and Ballota, Lamiun, Marrubium, Phlomis and Stachys
elsewhere. Widespread in England in Britain. Widespread in
continental Europe.
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Coleophora
lineolea (Haworth, 1828) [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae].
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2c > Leaf-miner
and case-bearer:
The larva constructs a distinctive dark brown case from fragments
of leaf (UKMoths).
The case is illustrated in British
leafminers.
Dark
brown, bivalved, composite leaf case, about 10 mm long, and composed
of 6-8 ringlets (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on Stachys in Britain and elsewhere. Now a very local species
in Britain, it was formerly more widespread but generally is restricted
to a few localities in southern England. Widespread in continental
Europe.
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Coleophora
wockeella Zeller, 1849 [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae].
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3a > Leaf-miner: Rather long corridor winding through the leaf, regularly crossing
itself. The corridor later widens considerably. Frass normally in
a narrow central line, but may also lie along the side, or be absent.
The larva regularly leaves a mine and restarts elsewhere (Bladmineerders
van Europa). Larva without abdominal legs.
Recorded
on Lamiastrum galeobdolon and Lamium album, but not yet on Stachys, in Britain plus Ajuga
reptans, Clinopodium vulgare, Lamium, Prunella, Stachys, Teucrium,
Plantago major, Veronica, chamaedrys and Veronica longifolia elsewhere.
Widespread in England and continental Europe.
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Apteropeda
globosa (Illiger, 1794) [Coleoptera:
Chrysomelidae].
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3b > Leaf-miner: Rather long full depth corridor that winds freely through the leaf
and may cross itself. In the end the corridor widens considerably.
Frass mostly in a narrow central line, but may also be deposited
along the sides or be missing. The larvae regular leave a mine to
restart elsewhere. Pupation outside the mine. Neither larva or
mine can be distinguished from that of related species (Bladmineerders
van Europa). Larva without abdominal legs.
Recorded
on numerous genera and species in several plant families, including Stachys, in Britain and elsewhere. Widespread in Britain
and continental Europe.
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Apteropeda
orbiculata (Marsham, 1802) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae].
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3c > Leaf-miner: In the first instar the larva mines the leaves, forming short,
irregular, blotch-like mines, but in later instars it lives externally,
feeding in spun leaves and often twisting those of tender shoots. Larval head light-brown or yellowish brown, edged with black postero-laterally,
ocellar area blackish; prothoracic plate black edged with whitish
anteriorly; abdomen dull dark green; pinacula distinct, black,
sometimes brownish but with black bases to setae; anal plate large,
black (Bradley et al., 1973).
Small,
full depth mine without a definite shape; little frass. Some silk
is deposited in the mine. The larva soon leaves the mine and continues
feeding among spun leaves (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on numerous genera and species of several plant families, but
not yet on Stachys, in Britain. Recorded on numerous
genera and species of several plant families, including Stachys,
elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental Europe. Also
recorded from the Channel Is.
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Cnephasia
incertana (Treitschke, 1835) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae].
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3d > Leaf-miner:
Upper-surface, transparent blotch that begins at the leaf margin,
generally at the underside of the leaf. Oviposition site covered
by a shining brown drop of hardened secretion. Frass in grains or
thread fragments (Bladmineerders
van Europa). Larva without abdominal legs.
Recorded
on Glechoma, but not yet on Stachys, in Britain
and ? Clinopodium, Glechoma, ? Marrubium, Mentha, ?
Nepeta and ? Stachys elsewhere. Widespread in Britain
and continental Europe.
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Trachys scrobiculatus Kiesenwetter, 1857 [Coleoptera: Buprestidae]. |
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