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TEUCRIUM.
Germanders. [Lamiaceae]
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Eight
species of Teucrium are recorded in Britain. These include
the native Cut-leaved Germander (T. botrys), Water Germander
(T. scordium), Wood Sage (T. scorodonia) and Wall
Germander (T. chamaedrys).
Cut-leaved
Germander (T. botrys) and Water Germander (T. scordium)
are protected under Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act,
1981.
Only
one Diptera miner, the agromyzid Amauromyza
labiatarum, is recorded on Teucrium in Britain.
Elsewhere
the polyphagous agromyzids Amauromyza
labiatarum,
Chromatomyia
horticola
and
Liriomyza strigata
are recorded mining Teucrium.
One
non-Diptera miner is recorded on Teucrium in Britain.
Elsewhere
two additional British non-Diptera miners are recorded on Teucrium
(see below).
The
tortricid Cnephasia
conspersana is recorded as a seed / shoot-feeder on Teucrium
in Britain
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Key for the identification of the mines of British Diptera recorded on
Ballota, Betonica, Lamiastrum, Stachys and Teucrium |
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Note: Diptera larvae may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, or a blotch mine, but never in a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Pupation never in a cocoon. All mining Diptera larvae are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue. In some corridor miners frass may lie in two rows on alternate sides of the mine. In order to vacate the mine the fully grown larva cuts an exit slit, which is usually semi-circular (see Liriomyza huidobrensis video). The pupa is formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
1a > Stem miner: A shallow, inconspicuous external stem mine. Pupation
in stem near a node. Puparium whitish-grey
On Clinopodium, Galeopsis, Lamium, and Stachys in Britain
and Calamintha, Galeopsis, Lamium, Nepeta, Prunella, Satureja and Stachys elsewhere. Widespread in Britain including
Surrey, Oxford, Hunts, Warwick, Suffolk and Perth. Widespread in continental Europe. Also recorded from the East Palaearctic.
Ophiomyia labiatarum Hering, 1937 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
1b > Leaf mine.
2
2a > An initially linear mine, which at second instar develops into a
large whitish blotch with conspicuous black frass. The early linear
mine is frequently entirely enveloped by the blotch but is detectable
by the alternate irregular strips of frass. Pupation external. Puparium
reddish brown.
On Ajuga, Ballota, Lamium, Marrubium and Stachys in
Britain and additional Lamiaceae elsewhere. In southern England
and Europe.
Amauromyza
morionella (Zetterstedt, 1848) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
2b > A linear-blotch mine, first instar mine is linear, later developing
into a conspicuous white blotch. Frass greenish diffused.
On
numerous genera of Lamiaceae in Britain and elsewhere. Widespread
and locally common in south of England. Also recorded in the Republic
of Ireland and widespread and frequently common in continental Europe.
Amauromyza
labiatarum (Hendel, 1920) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
Key for the identification of the mines of British non-Diptera recorded on Teucrium
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Note:
The larvae of mining Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, a blotch mine, a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Larva may pupate in a silk cocoon. The larva may have at least six legs (although they may be reduced or absent), a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding). Larvae of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera usually also have abdominal legs (see examples). Frass, if present, never in two rows. Unless feeding externally from within a case the larva usually vacates the mine by chewing an exit hole. Pupa with visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
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1a >
Rather long corridor winding through the leaf, regularly crossing
itself. The corridor later widens considerably. Frass normally in
a narrow central line, but may also lie along the side, or be absent.
The larva regularly leaves a mine and restarts elsewhere (Bladmineerders
van Europa). Larva without abdominal legs.
Recorded
on Lamiastrum galeobdolon and Lamium album,
but not yet on Teucrium, in Britain plus Ajuga
reptans, Clinopodium vulgare, Lamium, Prunella, Stachys, Teucrium,
Plantago major, Veronica, chamaedrys and Veronica longifolia elsewhere.
Widespread in England and continental Europe.
Apteropeda
globosa (Illiger, 1794) [Coleoptera:
Chrysomelidae]
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1b >
Rather
long full depth corridor that winds freely through the leaf and
may cross itself. In the end the corridor widens considerably. Frass
mostly in a narrow central line, but may also be deposited along
the sides or be missing. The larvae regular leave a mine to restart
elsewhere. Pupation outside the mine. Neither larva or mine can
be distinguished from that of related species (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on numerous genera and species in several plant families, including
Teucrium, in Britain and elsewhere. Widespread in Britain
and continental Europe.
Apteropeda
orbiculata (Marsham, 1802) [Coleopterea: Chrysomelidae]
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1c >
Leaf-miner: In the first instar the larva mines the leaves, forming short,
irregular, blotch-like mines, but in later instars it lives externally,
feeding in spun leaves and often twisting those of tender shoots. Larval head light-brown or yellowish brown, edged with black postero-laterally,
ocellar area blackish; prothoracic plate black edged with whitish
anteriorly; abdomen dull dark green; pinacula distinct, black,
sometimes brownish but with black bases to setae; anal plate large,
black (Bradley et al., 1973).
Small,
full depth mine without a definite shape; little frass. Some silk
is deposited in the mine. The larva soon leaves the mine and continues
feeding among spun leaves (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on numerous genera and species of several plant families, but
not yet on Teucrium, in Britain. Recorded on numerous
genera and species of several plant families, including Teucrium,
elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental Europe. Also
recorded from the Channel Is.
Cnephasia
incertana (Treitschke, 1835) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]
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