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TORILIS.
Hedge-parsleys. [Apiaceae]
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Seven
species of Torilis are recorded in Britain. These include
the native Upright Hedge-parsley (T. japonica), Knotted Hedge-parsley
(T. nodosa) and Spreading Hedge-parsley (T. arvensis).
Only
one Diptera miner, the agromyzid Phytomyza
chaerophylli, is recorded on Torilis in Britain and
this is also recorded on Chaerophyllum,
Conopodium, Daucus
and possibly Sison in Britain.
The
agromyzid Melanagromyza
sativae bores the stems of Torilis and other Apiaceae
in Britain and elsewhere.
Elsewhere
the agromyzid Phytomyza
chaerophylli and the tephritid Euleia
heraclei are recorded mining Torilis.
No non-Diptera miners are recorded on Torilis in Britain.
Elsewhere
two British non-Diptera miners are recorded on Torilis (see below).
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Key for the identification of the mines of British Diptera recorded on
Chaerophyllum, Conopodium, Daucus, Sison and Torilis |
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Note: Diptera larvae may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, or a blotch mine, but never in a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Pupation never in a cocoon. All mining Diptera larvae are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue. In some corridor miners frass may lie in two rows on alternate sides of the mine. In order to vacate the mine the fully grown larva cuts an exit slit, which is usually semi-circular (see Liriomyza huidobrensis video). The pupa is formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
1a > A short, narrow, linear mine, generally closely following margin
of leaf segment; in very small sections of a leaf producing a secondary
blotch. Puparium shining black
On Anthriscus, Chaerophyllum, Conopodium, Daucus,
Torilis and possibly Sison in Britain and additional
Apiaceae elsewhere. Common and widespread throughout Britain.
Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland and widespread and common
throughout much of Europe.
Phytomyza
chaerophylli Kaltenbach, 1856 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
1b > Oviposition as a rule in the stem, only occasionally in a leaf.
In the latter case the larva makes an upper-surface corridor that
ends in a thick vein. From there it descends, through petiole and
stem, down to the root. Here the pupation takes place
On Daucus carota, but not yet on Chaerophyllum, Conopodium, Sison or Torilis in Britain and additionally Anthriscus
sylvestris elsewhere. Only recorded from Norfolk in Britain.
Widespread elsewhere in continental Europe.
Napomyza
carotae Spencer, 1966 [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
Key for the identification of the mines of British
non-Diptera recorded on Torilis
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Note:
The larvae of mining Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, a blotch mine, a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Larva may pupate in a silk cocoon. The larva may have at least six legs (although they may be reduced or absent), a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding). Larvae of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera usually also have abdominal legs (see examples). Frass, if present, never in two rows. Unless feeding externally from within a case the larva usually vacates the mine by chewing an exit hole. Pupa with visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
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1a > Young larvae make small, full depth blotch mines, almost without
frass. Older larva live externally on the plant under a light web
(Bladmineerders
van Europa). Initially forms a small blotch mine and may later
feed in a slight web. In coastal areas may continue mining throughout
the larval stage (British
leafminers).
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Recorded
on Daucus carota and Pimpinella saxifraga, but
not yet on Torilis, in Britain and Anthriscus
caucalis, Athamanta cretensis, Daucus carota, Meum athamanticum,
Pimpinella saxifraga, Thapsia villosa and Torilis arvensis subsp.
neglecta elsewhere. East Cornwall, Isle of Wight and West
Cornwall and Britain. Widespread in continental Europe.
Epermenia
aequidentellus (Hofmann, 1867) [Lepidoptera: Epermeniidae]
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1b >
The larvae are often gregarious and feed on the underside of the leaf causing a 'windowing' effect as they eat the mesophyll and lower epidermis. This effect can be seen from the top of the
leaf as it discolours (British
leafminers).
Short,
small, irregular, sometimes widened corridor. Mostly a number in
a leaf, concentrated in the axils of the midrib and the primary
side veins. Each larva makes a number of mines. Often the larva
protrudes with its rear end out of the mine, causing most frass
to be ejected. While moving, at the leaf underside, silken threads
are produced, in wich grains of frass may be trapped. Older larvae
live free and cause window feeding, often in a group under a light
spinning (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on Angelica sylvestris, Anthriscus sylvestris, Daucus carota,
Heracleum sphondylium and Heracleum sativa, but not yet
on Torilis, in Britain and Aegopodium podagraria,
Angelica archangelica subsp. litoralis, Angelica sylvestris, Anthriscus
caucalis, Anthriscus cerefolium, Anthriscus sylvestris, Apium
graveolens, Berula erecta, Carum carvi, Chaerophyllum hirsutum,
Chaerophyllum temulum, Cicuta virosa, Conium maculatum, Daucus
carota, Heracleum sphondylium, Levisticum officinale, Oenanthe,
Pastinaca sativa, Peucedanum, Pimpinella saxifraga, Seseli libanotis,
Sium latifolium, Sison amomum and Torilis elsewhere. Widespread
in Britain and continental Europe
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Epermenia
chaerophyllella
(Goeze, 1783) [Lepidoptera: Epermeniidae]
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