Torilis [Apiaceae]

TORILIS. Hedge-parsleys. [Apiaceae]

Seven species of Torilis are recorded in Britain. These include the native Upright Hedge-parsley (T. japonica), Knotted Hedge-parsley (T. nodosa) and Spreading Hedge-parsley (T. arvensis).

Only one Diptera miner, the agromyzid Phytomyza chaerophylli, is recorded on Torilis in Britain and this is also recorded on Chaerophyllum, Conopodium, Daucus and possibly Sison in Britain.

The agromyzid Melanagromyza sativae bores the stems of Torilis and other Apiaceae in Britain and elsewhere.

Elsewhere the agromyzid Phytomyza chaerophylli and the tephritid Euleia heraclei are recorded mining Torilis.

No non-Diptera miners are recorded on Torilis in Britain.

Elsewhere two British non-Diptera miners are recorded on Torilis (see below).

Key for the identification of the mines of British Diptera recorded on
Chaerophyllum, Conopodium, Daucus, Sison and Torilis

Note: Diptera larvae may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, or a blotch mine, but never in a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Pupation never in a cocoon. All mining Diptera larvae are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue. In some corridor miners frass may lie in two rows on alternate sides of the mine. In order to vacate the mine the fully grown larva cuts an exit slit, which is usually semi-circular (see Liriomyza huidobrensis video). The pupa is formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).

1a > A short, narrow, linear mine, generally closely following margin of leaf segment; in very small sections of a leaf producing a secondary blotch. Puparium shining black

On Anthriscus, Chaerophyllum, Conopodium, Daucus, Torilis and possibly Sison in Britain and additional Apiaceae elsewhere. Common and widespread throughout Britain. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland and widespread and common throughout much of Europe.

Phytomyza chaerophylli Kaltenbach, 1856 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].

1b > Oviposition as a rule in the stem, only occasionally in a leaf. In the latter case the larva makes an upper-surface corridor that ends in a thick vein. From there it descends, through petiole and stem, down to the root. Here the pupation takes place

On Daucus carota, but not yet on Chaerophyllum, Conopodium, Sison or Torilis in Britain and additionally Anthriscus sylvestris elsewhere. Only recorded from Norfolk in Britain. Widespread elsewhere in continental Europe.

Napomyza carotae Spencer, 1966 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].

Key for the identification of the mines of British
non-Diptera recorded on Torilis

Note: The larvae of mining Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, a blotch mine, a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Larva may pupate in a silk cocoon. The larva may have at least six legs (although they may be reduced or absent), a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding). Larvae of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera usually also have abdominal legs (see examples). Frass, if present, never in two rows. Unless feeding externally from within a case the larva usually vacates the mine by chewing an exit hole. Pupa with visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).

1a > Young larvae make small, full depth blotch mines, almost without frass. Older larva live externally on the plant under a light web (Bladmineerders van Europa). Initially forms a small blotch mine and may later feed in a slight web. In coastal areas may continue mining throughout the larval stage (British leafminers).

Recorded on Daucus carota and Pimpinella saxifraga, but not yet on Torilis, in Britain and Anthriscus caucalis, Athamanta cretensis, Daucus carota, Meum athamanticum, Pimpinella saxifraga, Thapsia villosa and Torilis arvensis subsp. neglecta elsewhere. East Cornwall, Isle of Wight and West Cornwall and Britain. Widespread in continental Europe.

Epermenia aequidentellus (Hofmann, 1867) [Lepidoptera: Epermeniidae]

1b > The larvae are often gregarious and feed on the underside of the leaf causing a 'windowing' effect as they eat the mesophyll and lower epidermis. This effect can be seen from the top of the leaf as it discolours (British leafminers). Short, small, irregular, sometimes widened corridor. Mostly a number in a leaf, concentrated in the axils of the midrib and the primary side veins. Each larva makes a number of mines. Often the larva protrudes with its rear end out of the mine, causing most frass to be ejected. While moving, at the leaf underside, silken threads are produced, in wich grains of frass may be trapped. Older larvae live free and cause window feeding, often in a group under a light spinning (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Recorded on Angelica sylvestris, Anthriscus sylvestris, Daucus carota, Heracleum sphondylium and Heracleum sativa, but not yet on Torilis, in Britain and Aegopodium podagraria, Angelica archangelica subsp. litoralis, Angelica sylvestris, Anthriscus caucalis, Anthriscus cerefolium, Anthriscus sylvestris, Apium graveolens, Berula erecta, Carum carvi, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Chaerophyllum temulum, Cicuta virosa, Conium maculatum, Daucus carota, Heracleum sphondylium, Levisticum officinale, Oenanthe, Pastinaca sativa, Peucedanum, Pimpinella saxifraga, Seseli libanotis, Sium latifolium, Sison amomum and Torilis elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental Europe .

Epermenia chaerophyllella (Goeze, 1783) [Lepidoptera: Epermeniidae]


	Last updated 02-Feb-2012 Brian Pitkin