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TRIFOLIUM.
Clovers and Hop Trefoil. [Fabaceae]
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Seventy
species of Trifolium are recorded in Britain. These include
Hop Trefoil (T. campestre), Strawberry Clover (T. frageriferum),
Alsike Clover (T. hybridum), Crimson Clover (T. incarnatum),
Sulphur Clover (T. ochroleucon), Hungarian Clover (T.
pannonicum), Red Clover (T. pratense) and White Clover
(T. repens).
Three
Diptera miners, the agromyzids Agromyza frontella, Agromyza
nana and Liriomyza
congesta, are recorded on Trifolium in Britain.
Elsewhere
the agromyzids Agromyza
frontella, Agromyza
nana,
Chromatomyia
horticola,
Liriomyza
bryoniae, Liriomyza
congesta, Liriomyza
strigata, Liriomyza
trifolii and Phytomyza
brischkei, the drosophilid Scaptomyza
flava and the ephydrid Hydrellia
griseola are recorded mining Trifolium.
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White
clover
Trifolium repens
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Four
non-Diptera miners are recorded on Trifolium in Britain. (see below).
The
coleophorids Coleophora
deauratella and Coleophora
mayrella are recorded as seed-feeders on Trifolium
in Britain.
Elsewhere
one non-dipteorus British miner is recorded on Trifolium
(see below).
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Key for the identification of the mines of British Diptera recorded on
Lotus, Medicago and Trifolium |
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Note: Diptera larvae may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, or a blotch mine, but never in a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Pupation never in a cocoon. All mining Diptera larvae are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue. In some corridor miners frass may lie in two rows on alternate sides of the mine. In order to vacate the mine the fully grown larva cuts an exit slit, which is usually semi-circular (see Liriomyza huidobrensis video). The pupa is formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
1a >Stem-miner: A narrow, inconspicuous stem mine. Pupation at the end
of the mine. Puparium yellowish or completely black, anterior spiracles
projecting through epidermis (Spencer,
1976: 64). Fine,
upper- or lower-surface corridor, ending in a thick vein. From there
the mine extends finally to the rind of the stem. There also the
pupation takes place, usually not far from the root collar. Mines
in the stem rind often are conspicuous through a red discoloration
(Bladmineerders
van Europa).
On Achillea, Achillea millefolium and possibly Anthemis,
Matricaria and Medicago sativa in Britain. In Britain widespread in south, not uncommon. On Anthemis, Achillea, Artemisia, Aster, Centaurea, Clinopodium, Crepis, Hieracium, Matricaria, Reichardia, Solidago, Tanacetum, Tripleurospermum, Medicago, Satureja and Stachys, but not on Lotus or Trifolium, elsewhere. Widespread in continental Europe.
Ophiomyia
curvipalpis (Zetterstedt, 1848) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
1b > Leaf mine.
2
2a > Initially a linear mine running towards apex of leaf which then
turns back in the area of the mid-rib, developing into a blotch.
Puparium reddish brown.
On Medicago, Melilotus and Trifolium in Britain and elsewhere. Widespread in Britain
and continental Europe.
Agromyza
frontella (Rondani, 1875) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
2b > A short narrow linear mine not associated with the margin, which
then develops into a conspicuous white blotch centred on the mid-rib.
At the end of feeding the larva lies for one or two days along the
mid-rib. Pupation external. Puparium reddish
On Medicago, Melilotus and Trifolium in Britain and
in addition other genera of Fabaceae elsewhere. Common and widely
distributed in England. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland.
Widespread and common throughout Europe.
Agromyza
nana Meigen, 1830 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
2c > Leaf-miner: Mine linear, whitish, both upper and lower surface. Pupation internal,
at the end of the mine with the anterior spiracles projecting through
the epidermis (Spencer, 1976:
433). Upper-surface,
less often lower-surface corridor. Frass in isolated grains. Pupation
within the mine, in a, usually lower-surface, pupal chamber (Bladmineerders
van Europa). A long whitish upper surface corridor, which eventually goes lower surface (British
leafminers).
Two
highly polyphagous species of Chromatomyia, with indistinguishable
mines, have been recorded in Britain. These are syngenesiae (Hardy) and horticola (Goureau) which can only be distinguished by the male genitalia. Both are polyphagous and widespread in Britain and elsewhere, although syngenesiae is almost entirely restricted to Asteraceae (see also 'atricornis').
Chromatomyia horticola is recorded on 55 plant genera in 19 families but not yet on Trifolium in Britain
Chromatomya syngenesiae is recorded in Britain on 27 plant genera in the family Asteraceae and many more genera elsewhere, but not yet on Trifolium in Britain.
Chromatomyia
horticola (Goureau, 1851) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
OR
Chromatomyia
syngenesiae Hardy, 1849 [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
2d > An upper surface linear mine with frass in conspicuous greenish
strips, largely alternating at each side of the channel. Puparium
yellow
On
numerous genera of Fabaceae, including Trifolium, in Britain
and elsewhere. Widespread in Britain. Also recorded in the Republic
of Ireland and widespread and common throughout most of Europe
Liriomyza congesta (Becker, 1903) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].
2e > A long,
narrow, winding corridor running towards the midrib, widening to
a blotch.
Pupation usually in the soil, less often in the leaf (and then generally
not in the mine itself but in a small separated mine, that may even
be made in the petiole)
On
? Amaranthus, ? Rorippa, Cerastium, Lychnis, Myosoton, Silene, Stellaria, Atriplex,
? Anthyllis, ? Lupinus,
? Medicago, ? Montia and ? Antirrhinum, but not yet on Trifolium, in Britain and Amaranthus, Lepidium, Moricandia, ? Rorippa, Agrostemma, Arenaria, Cerastium, Coronaria, Corrigiola, Cucubalus, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Lychnis, Moehringia, Myosoton, Polycarpon, Saponaria, Silene, Spergularia, Stellaria, Vaccaria, Viscaria, Atriplex, Beta, Chenopodium, Obione, Salicornia, Spinacia, Anthyllis, Lupinus, Medicago, Allium, Montia, Portulaca and Antirrhinum elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental Europe.
Scaptomyza
graminum (Fallén, 1823) [Diptera: Drosophilidae]. |
Key for the identification of the mines of British non-Diptera recorded on
Trifolium
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Note:
The larvae of mining Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, a blotch mine, a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Larva may pupate in a silk cocoon. The larva may have at least six legs (although they may be reduced or absent), a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding). Larvae of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera usually also have abdominal legs (see examples). Frass, if present, never in two rows. Unless feeding externally from within a case the larva usually vacates the mine by chewing an exit hole. Pupa with visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
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1a > Leaf-miner: The
first generation initially forms an unmistakable leaf-mine on Anthyllis
vulneraria, but the second generation feeds on the flowers.
Feeding signs on other plants vary in appearance. Larvae can move
between sewn leaves, and more than one larva may be found together
(UKMoths). Larvae
in a small full depth blotch, often with extensions. Frass concentrated
in one corner of the mine. The mining activities may cause the leaf
to roll inwards. Older larvae live free among spun leaves, but still
they may make then full depth mines by feeding on the leaf tissue
from a small opening (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
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Recorded
on Anthyllis, Medicago, Onobrychis, Ononis and Trifolium
in Britain and Anthyllis, Chamaecytisus, Coronilla, Cysisus,
Dorycnium, Galega, Glycine, Hymenocarpus, Lathyrus,
Lotus, Medicago, Melilotus, Onobrychis, Ononis, Ornithopus, Oxytropis,
Phaseolus, Psoralea, Trifolium, Trigonella and Vicia elsewhere. Britain including the Channel Is. and Northern Ireland.
Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread in continental
Europe.
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Aproaerema
anthyllidella (Hübner, 1813) [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae].
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1b > Leaf-miner: In the first instar the larva mines the leaves, forming short,
irregular, blotch-like mines, but in later instars it lives externally,
feeding in spun leaves and often twisting those of tender shoots. Larval head light-brown or yellowish brown, edged with black postero-laterally,
ocellar area blackish; prothoracic plate black edged with whitish
anteriorly; abdomen dull dark green; pinacula distinct, black,
sometimes brownish but with black bases to setae; anal plate large,
black (Bradley et al., 1973).
Small,
full depth mine without a definite shape; little frass. Some silk
is deposited in the mine. The larva soon leaves the mine and continues
feeding among spun leaves (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on numerous genera and species of several plant families, but
not yet on Trifolium, in Britain. Recorded on numerous
genera and species of several plant families, including Trifolium,
elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental Europe. Also
recorded from the Channel Is.
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Cnephasia
incertana (Treitschke, 1835) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae].
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1c > Leaf-miner:
The mine begins as a tiny, lower-surface epidermal corridor. Only
after the first moult the larva starts feeding on the leaf parenchyma.
The first result is a corridor overlying the midrib. From here branches
enter the leaf disk; gradually they widen and merge, laeving in
the end almost the entire leaf mined out. Almost all frass is ejected.
The larva can leave its mine and make a new one elsewhere. Pupation
witin the mine (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on Ononis and Trifolium in Britain and elsewhere.
Britain including East Kent and North Hants. Widespread in Continental
Europe.
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Parectopa
ononidis (Zeller, 1839) [Lepidoptera:
Gracillariidae].
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1d > Leaf-miner:
Lower surface tentiform mine that occupies only part of a leaflet.
In full grown leaves the mine is strongly inflated and is largely
hidden by the leaf. Unlike other species the entire leaflet is not
mined out (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on Ononis and Trifolium and Lathyrus, Medicago,
Ononis, Trifolium and Vicia elsewhere. North Ebudes.
Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread in continental
Europe.
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Phyllonorycter
insignitella (Zeller, 1846) [Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae].
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1e > Leaf-miner: The mine is underside, occupying the whole leaflet, which turns
down at edges (British
leafminers).
Lower
surface tentiform mine that occupies an entire leaflet; lower epidermis
strongly folded. Fully developed mines are strongly inflated and
the leaflet is so completely folded over the mine that the latter
becomes practically invisible. In this stage the larva has consumed
also all tissue in the roof of the mine, making the mine very conspicuous
(Bladmineerders
van Europa).
Recorded
on Lathyrus, Medicago, Trifolium and Vicia in Britain
and Lathyrus, Lotus, Medicago, Trifolium and Vicia
elsewhere. England, Ireland and continental Europe.
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| Phyllonorycter
nigrescentella (Logan, 1851) [Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae]. |
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