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Leaf-mine:
At first it makes a narrow gallery lined with frass, but subsequently
it makes a series of large translucent yellowish brown blotch mines
from which all frass is ejected. It also constructs under the leaf
an 'aerial' network of silk threads in which it moves around and
rests clear of the leaf surface when not feeding (UKMoths).
The mine is also illustrated in British
leafminers and Nederlandse
bladmineerders.
Larva:
The larva is illustrated in British
leafminers, UKMoths
and Nederlandse
bladmineerders.
Pupa:
The pupa is attached to a leaf without a cocoon. It has a dorsal
keel and a pronounced facial beak (UKMoths).
The pupa is also illustrated in British
leafminers and Nederlandse
bladmineerders.
Hosts
in Britain:
Hosts
elsewhere:
Time
of year - mines: Unknown.
Time
of year - adults: Two generations; in August and October to
May, being 'somnolent' in the winter months (UKMoths).
Distribution
in Britain: Widespread in southern Britain (UKMoths)
including East Cornwall, Isle of Wight, North Devon, South Devon,
South Hants, South Lancaster, South Wilts, Surrey and West Cornwall
(NBN
Gateway distribution map - BRERC,
GiGL, JNCC,
NE
and SHWRG).
See also British
leafminers distribution map.
Distribution
is subject to huge fluctuations in numbers. Before 1998 it had never
been recorded in Chester, but in that year the larvae were found
in over 20 localities the length and breadth of the county. It was
also found then in Denbigh, S. Lancaster and Derby for the first
time. Since then there have been very few sightings in these counties
(UKMoths).
Also
recorded in the Republic of Ireland (Karsholt & van Nieukerken
in Fauna
Europaea; British
leafminers distribution map).
Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread in Europe including Austria, Azores, Belgium,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Croatia, Czech Republic,
Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek
mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madeira, Malta, Norwegian mainland, Poland,
Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia - Central, East and Northwest,
Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland,
The Netherlands, Ukraine and Yuogoslavia (Karsholt & van Nieukerken
in Fauna
Europaea).
Parasitoids:
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