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Leaf-mine: The larva mines the leaves causing noticeable brown blotches, often
many to one leaf. There is however, a similar-looking fungus which
can cause confusion (UKMoths).
The
mine begins at a flat, oval, somewhat iridescent egg shell at the
upperside of the leaf. There starts an epidermal corridor of some
mm, that abruptly widens into an upper-surface blotch. The blotch
is elongate, often confined between by a pair of lateral veins;
its colour is cinnamon, with a darker centre. The frass is not granular,
like in Phyllonorycter species, but consists of a tarlike
substance covering the floor of the mine. The number of mines can
be as much as several tens per leaf. Pupation occurs within the
mine (Bladmineerders
van Europa).
The
leaf-mine is also illustrated in British
leafminers and the Encyclopedia
of Life.
Watch the Naked Scientist video.
Larva:
The
larva is illustrated in Bladmineerders
van Europa and the Encyclopedia
of Life.
Pupa:
The
pupa and whitish silk cocoon are illustrated in British
leafminers, UKMoths
and the Encyclopedia
of Life.
Adult:
The adult is illustrated in UKMoths
and the Encyclopedia
of Life. The female
genitalia, but not the male genitalia (check for update) are illustrated by the Lepidoptera Dissection Group.
|
Adult of Cameraria
ohridella ex. leafmine per. R. Edmunds
Image: ©Ian Kimber (UKMoths) |
Comments:
The damage caused, impact on trees, management, hosts plants, monitoring,
research and distribution maps are discussed in Forest
Research.
A review of The Horse-chestnut Leaf-miner and its parasitoids has recently been published by Pocock, Evans, Straw and Polaszek, 2011.
Hosts
in Britain:
Hosts
elsewhere:
Time
of year - larvae: May - October (British
leafminers).
Time
of year - adults: Multivolitine, with up to three generations
a year (British
leafminers).
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: This species was discovered
near Macedonia in 1985, and since then has spread rapidly to other
countries in Europe. It was first discovered in Britain at Wimbledon
in south-west London in 2002, but possibly had arrived the previous
year, as it was quite plentiful. It is thought that the species
may be expanding partially due to accidental transportation by man,
either by road or rail (UKMoths).
Widespread in England and Wales including Bedfordshire, Berkshire,
Brecon, Cambridgeshire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, East Norfolk, East
Suffolk, East Sussex, Glamorgan, North Essex, North Hampshire, North
Somerset, North Wiltshire, South Wiltshire, Stafford, Warwickshire,
West Gloucestershire, West Norfolk, West Suffolk, West Sussex and
Worcestershire (NBN
Gateway - N.B. includes Watsonian Vice Counties having publicly
available records that fall within or overlap the vice county border
at 10km resolution or better i.e. a record for a vice county may
relate to an adjacent vice county - for included datasets see NBN
Grid map below). See also Forest
Research distribution maps for details of range expansion 2002-7
and British
leafminers distribution map). Also recorded in the Channel Is.
(Guernsey) (British leafminers - Newsletter).
NBN Grid map: Note that not all datasets on the NBN Gateway may be available on the map below. If you are an NBN Gateway registered user you can request access for missing datasets via the link 'Open interactive map in new window' below.
Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Albania,
Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech
Republic, Danish mainland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland,
Hungary, Italian mainland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia,
Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland,
The Netherlands, Ukraine and Yugoslavia (Karsholt and van Nieukerken
in Fauna
Europaea). Also recorded in North America (Forest
Research).
NBN
interactive distribution map(s) of known host species in Great Britain
and Ireland and elsewhere:
Parasitoids
in Britain and elsewhere:
| See also Pocock, Evans, Straw and Polaszek, 2011. |
| |
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| Colastes braconius Haliday, 1833 |
Hymenoptera: Braconidae |
| Baryscapus nigroviolaceus (Nees, 1834) |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Chrysocharis spp. |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
|
Cirrospilus
elegantissimus Westwood, 1841 |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
|
Cirrospilus
vittatus Walker, 1838 |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
|
Closterocerus
trifasciatus Westwood, 1833m |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Elachertus inunctus Nees, 1834 |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Hemiptarsenus ornatus (Nees, 1834) |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Minotetrastichus frontalis (Nees, 1834) |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Neochrysocharis chlorogaster (Erdös, 1966) |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Pediobius saulius Walker, 1839 |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Pnigalio spp. |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Sympiesis sericeicornis (Nees, 1834) |
Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae |
| Eupelmus urozonus Dalman, 1820 |
Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae |
| Itoplectis alternans (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae |
| Scambus inanis (Schrank, 1802) |
Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae |
| Pteromalus semotus (Walker, 1834) |
Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae |
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