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Leaf-mine:
Larvae usually feed on the underside of a fern frond under an untidy
mass of sporangia, but on occasion enter the leaf to make an extensive
irregular blotch mine (British
leafminers).
Larva:
Details unknown.
Pupa:
Details unknown.
Hosts
in Britain:
Hosts
elsewhere: Unknown.
Time
of year - mines: Appears to be continuosly brooded, as larvae
have been found in all months of the year (British
leafminers).
Time
of year - adults: Unknown.
Distribution
in Britain: Initially occurred mainly near coasts, but it is
increasingly recorded inland (British
leafminers) including Carmarthen, East Cornwall, Glamorgan,
North Devon, North Somerset, South Devon, South Hants and West Cornwall
(See
also NBN Gateway distribution map - BRERC,
JNCC and NE).
Distribution
elsewhere: Outside of British Is. and Northern Ireland only
recorded in Madeira (Karsholt & van Nieukerken in Fauna
Europaea).
Parasitoids:
Unknown.
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