Leaf mine: Large, transparent, in fresh condition pale green blotch that begins at the leaf margin, without an accumulation of frass. Mine and larva are undistinguishable from those of S. vicina, but vicina larvae live from mid May till mid June, while the larvae of betuleti are found only in August - October (Bladmineerders van Europa).

The mine is also illustrated in (British leafminers.

Larva: The larva has three smaller ventral spots and dark legs (British leafminers). Illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.

Pupa: Details unknown.

Adult: The adult is illustrated in ECatSym - Electronic World Catalog of Symphyta.

Hosts in Britain:

Hosts elsewhere:

Time of year - larvae: Early Summer and Autumn (British leafminers).

Time of year - adults: Unknown.

Comments: Full synonymy and references are listed in ECatSym - Electronic World Catalog of Symphyta.

Distribution in Great Britain & Ireland: Widespread in Britain including Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cumberland, Derbyshire, Glamorgan, Leicestershire, Middlesex, Northumberland South, South Lancaster, South Wiltshire, South-east Yorkshire, Surrey and West Suffolk (NBN Gateway - N.B. includes Watsonian Vice Counties having publicly available records that fall within or overlap the vice county border at 10km resolution or better i.e. a record for a vice county may relate to an adjacent vice county - for included datasets see NBN Grid map below).

NBN Grid map: Note that not all datasets on the NBN Gateway may be available on the map below. If you are an NBN Gateway registered user you can request access for missing datasets via the link 'Open interactive map in new window' below.

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, ? Czech Republic, Danish mainland, ? Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Luxembourg, Poland, Russia - Central, Slovakia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, The Netherlands and Ukraine (van Achterberg in Fauna Europaea).

NBN interactive distribution map(s) of known host species in Great Britain and Ireland and elsewhere:

BSBI distribution maps of known host species in Britain and elsewhere:

Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: