Stem-borer:
Larva feeding in stems and buds (Ackland in Chandler,
1978: 227).
Elongated-oval
eggs are deposited at either side of the leaf. They have irregularly
keeled ribs running from one pole to the other (Miles, 1952, 1953).
The
larva primarily lives as a borer in stem and petioles, but is capable
of making corridor-like excursions in the lamina (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Although
previously recorded as a miner in stems of Sambucus, Botanophila
fugax is a common saprophagous species, the larvae normally
feeding in the soil (Griffiths, pers. comm.).
Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
The larva is described by Miles (1952).
Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
Comments:
Ackland in Chandler (1978)
did not indicate whether his host records were British or Foreign
and are therefore tentatively included under 'Hosts in Britain'
and 'Hosts elsewhere'.
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Hosts
elsewhere:
Time
of year - larvae: Currently unknown.
Time
of year - adults: Currently unknown.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Widespread in Britain including
Anglesey, Berkshire, Breconshire, Buckinghamshire, Caernarvonshire, Cambridgeshire, Cardiganshire,
Cheshire, Cumberland, Denbighshire, Dorset, East Gloucestershire, East Kent, East Norfolk,
East Ross, East Suffolk, East Sussex, East Sutherland, Easterness, Elgin, Flintshire, Glamorgan,
Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Leicestershire, Main Argyll, Merionethshire, Mid-west Yorkshire, Monmouthshire,
Montgomeryshire, North Devon, North Ebudes, North Esex, North Northumberland, North Somerset, North Wiltshire, North-east Yorkshire, Oxfordshire, Pembrokeshire, Shropshire, South Aberdeenshire, South Devon, South Essex, South Lancashire, South Somerset, South Wiltshire, South-west Yorkshire,
Stafford, Surrey, West Gloucestershire, West Kent,
West Lancashire, West Suffolk, West Sussex, Westmorland and Worcestershire (NBN
Atlas).
Also
recorded in the Republic of Ireland (Michelsen in Fauna Europaea). Distribution
elsewhere: Europe (Hering,
1957) including The Netherlands and Belgium (Gosseries
and Ackland, 1991; de Meijere,
1939), Austria, Corsica, Denmark, Faroe Is., Finland, French
mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Iceland, Italian mainland,
Norwegian mainland, Poland, Russia (Central, Northwest and North),
Slovakia, Sweden and Switzerland (Michelsen in Fauna Europaea).
NBN Atlas links to known host species:
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
Ichneumonoidea - Links to species no longer available |
|
Phaenocarpa ruficeps (Nees, 1812) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
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