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Leaf-miner: A small mine (about 1cm long), which strongly arches the leaf. The mine of Parornix betulae can appear similar, but the underside becomes brown whereas the mine of P. anderidae stays green (British leafminers).

Small lower-surface tentiform mine; epidermis pale green, rather weakly folded. The pupa lies without a cocoon in the mine (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Larva: The larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples).

Pupa: The pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).

The cremaster is illustrated in British leafminers and Bladmineerders van Europa.

Phyllonorycter anderidae pupa, dorsal Image: © Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa)

Adult: The adult is illustrated in UKMoths. The species is included in mothdissection.co.uk.

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Hosts elsewhere:

Betulaceae
Betula	humilis			Bladmineerders van Europa
Betula	nana	Dwarf Birch		Bladmineerders van Europa
Betula	pubescens	Downy Birch		Belgian Lepidoptera
Betula	pubescens	Downy Birch		Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - larvae: July, September - November (British leafminers).

Time of year - adults: Currently unknown.

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Widespread in Britain including Caernarvonshire, Denbighshire, Dorset, Durham, Elgin, Huntingdonshire, North Hampshire, Shropshire, South Essex, South Hampshire, Stafford, Stirlingshire, Surrey, West Norfolk and West Perth (NBN Atlas).

See also British leafminers distribution map.

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Russia - Central, Russia - North, Northwest and South, Sweden, The Netherlands and Ukraine (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: