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Leaf-miner: A mine with several creases in lower epidermis. On thinner leaves, such as crab-apple, the upper surface may be arched to form a tube (British leafminers).

Lower surface tentiform mine with a yellow-green epidermis that has a few folds. Pupation within the mine. The pupa is amber or chestnut brown, and lies in a white cocoon. Generally the frass is accumulated in a corner of the mine, but sometimes a small quantity is incorporated in the wall of the cocoon (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Larva: The larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples).

Pupa: The pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).

The pupa is illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.

Adult: The adult is illustrated in UKMoths. The species is included in mothdissection.co.uk.

Comments: Records in literature from other plant genera, such as Amelanchier, Cotoneaster, Crataegus or Mespilus germanica are either dubious or concern exceptional observations (Triberti, 2007a) (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Rosaceae
Cydonia	oblonga	Quince		Pitkin & Plant
Malus				British leafminers
Malus				UKMoths
Malus	pumila	Apple		Pitkin & Plant, as Malus domestica
Malus	sylvestris	Crab Apple		British leafminers
Sorbus	torminalis	Wild Service-tree		Pitkin & Plant

Hosts elsewhere:

Rosaceae
Malus				Belgian Lepidoptera
Malus	angustifolia			Bladmineerders van Europa
Malus	x astracanica			Bladmineerders van Europa
Malus	baccata	Siberian Crab		Bladmineerders van Europa
Malus	coronaria			Bladmineerders van Europa
Malus	pumila	Apple		Belgian Lepidoptera, as Malus domestica
Malus	pumila	Apple		Bladmineerders van Europa, as Malus domestica
Malus	floribunda	Japanese Crab		Bladmineerders van Europa
Malus	fusca			Bladmineerders van Europa
Malus	ringo			Bladmineerders van Europa
Malus	x robusta			Bladmineerders van Europa
Malus	sylvestris	Crab Apple		Belgian Lepidoptera
Malus	sylvestris	Crab Apple		Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - larvae: June - July, September - October (British leafminers).

Time of year - adults: Adults emerge in May, and again in August (UKMoths).

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: The species is quite commonly distributed in England and Wales, scarcer in southern Scotland and Ireland (UKMoths) including Anglesey, Bedfordshire, Breconshire, Buckinghamshire, Caernarvonshire, Cambridgeshire, Carmarthenshire, Cheshire, Denbighshire, East Cornwall, East Kent, East Norfolk, East Suffolk, Flintshire, Glamorgan, Haddington, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Isle of Wight, Kincardineshire, Kirkudbrightshire, Leicestershire, Middlesex, North Somerset, North-west Yorkshire, Northamptonshire, South Northumberland, Stafford, Stirlingshire, West Cornwall, West Gloucestershire, West Lancashire, West Norfolk, West Suffolk, West Sussex and Worcestershire (NBN Atlas).

See also British leafminers distribution map.

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Corsica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of Moldova, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia - Central, Northwest and South, Slovakia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Ukraine. Also recorded in Near East and Nearctic region (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: