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Leaf-miner: Feeding is in leaf blotches, spun shoots and roots. Wilting greyish leaves, or frass in the crown of the plant may indicate a larva in the roots (UKMoths).

Young larver make a short, very narrow gallery in the young leaves. Later they bore in the rhizome (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Larva: The larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples).

Body yellowish white with several salmon length lines; head, prothoracic plate and thoracic legs blackish brown; anal plate light brown (Bland et al., 2002a) (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Pupa: The pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).

Pupae are found in the plant root from May to August (UKMoths). See Patocka and Turcáni (2005a) (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Adult: The adult is illustrated in UKMoths The species is included in mothdissection.co.uk.

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Plantaginaceae
Plantago	coronopus	Buck's-horn Plantain		Pitkin & Plant
Plantago	coronopus	Buck's-horn Plantain		UKMoths
Plantago	maritima	Sea Plantain		Pitkin & Plant
Plantago	maritima	Sea Plantain		UKMoths

Hosts elsewhere:

Plantaginaceae
Plantago	coronopus	Buck's-horn Plantain		Bladmineerders van Europa
Plantago	lanceolata	Ribwort Plantain		Bladmineerders van Europa
Plantago	maritima	Sea Plantain		Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - larvae: Larvae are found from April to August. It is uncertain if there is more than one generation, or just a single protracted one (UKMoths).

Time of year - adults: June to September (UKMoths).

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Widespread, and often common, on saltings and hard-rock coasts of Britain (UKMoths) including Anglesey, Banffshire, Caernarvonshire, Denbighshire, Dorset, East Cornwall, East Suffolk, Elgin, North Northumberland, Outer Hebrides, Pembrokeshire, South Devon, South Northumberland, South-east Yorkshire, West Cornwall, Westmorland, Wigtownshire and Shetland (NBN Atlas), the Channel Is. (Fauna Europaea).

Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (Fauna Europaea and National Biodiversity Data Centre Map).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Faroe Is., French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italian mainland, Latvia, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia - East, Slovakia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland and The Netherlands (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: Currently unknown.