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Leaf miner: Blotch, starting in the centre of the leaf. An ill-defined accumulation of frass in its first part. The blotch develops with little consideration of the major veins. Several mines may occur in a leaf, and coalesce into one large blister (Bladmineerders van Europa).

The mine is also illustrated in British leafminers.

Larva: The larvae of sawflies have a head capsule, chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles, six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (although they may be reduced) (see examples).

The larva has short feet and dark markings on the prosternum and two spots on the meso- and meta-sternum (British leafminers). The larva is also illustrated in (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Pupa: The pupae of sawflies have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths.

Outside the mine (British leafminers).

Adult: Details unknown.

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Hosts elsewhere:

Betulaceae
Betula	lutea			Bladmineerders van Europa
Betula	papyrifera	Paper birch		Bladmineerders van Europa
Betula	pendula	Silver Birch		Bladmineerders van Europa
Betula	populifolia			Bladmineerders van Europa
Betula	pubescens	Downy Birch		Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - larvae: Late summer (British leafminers).

Time of year - adults: Currently unknown.

Comments: Full synonymy and references are listed in ECatSym - Electronic World Catalog of Symphyta.

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Hants (Fleet) (British leafminers); West Suffolk (NBN Atlas).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Italian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia - Central, Sweden and The Netherlands
(Fauna Europaea).

Also recorded in the Nearctic Region (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:

Biodiversity Heritage Library
Bladmineerders van Europa
British leafminers
Encyclopedia of Life
Fauna Europaea
NBN Atlas
NHM UK Checklist