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Leaf-miner: Mine irregularly linear, frequently following mid-rib of a leaf segment, appearing greenish or brownish (Spencer, 1972b: 89 (fig. 298), 90; Spencer, 1976: 292, 293 (fig. 687)).

Broad, brownish, upper-surface corridor. In most cases it makes a tour through an entire leaf by entering each segment in turn and making a loop up and down the main vein. Frass in grains. Pupation outside the mine (Bladmineerders van Europa).

The brown or green mine is linear and runs alonside the midrib on several segments of a leaf (British leafminers).

Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.

The larva is described by Dempewolf (2001: 181) and de Meijere (1928a) (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).

Black (Spencer, 1972b: 89 (fig. 298), 90).

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Apiaceae
Sanicula	vulneraria			Mines in BMNH
Sanicula	europaea	Sanicle		British leafminers
Sanicula	europaea	Sanicle		Mines in BMNH
Sanicula	europaea	Sanicle		Spencer, 1972b: 121
Sanicula	europaea	Sanicle		Bland, 1994c: 82

Hosts elsewhere:

Apiaceae
Sanicula				Spencer, 1990: 159
Sanicula	europaea	Sanicle		Spencer, 1976: 393
Sanicula	europaea	Sanicle		Dempewolf, 2001: 181
Sanicula	europaea	Sanicle		Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - mines: June-October.

Time of year - adults: April the following year.

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Widespread in Britain including Surrey (Mickleham, Reigate), Hertfordshire (Brookman's Park) (Spencer, 1972b: 90), Gloucester (Cleeve Hill) (British leafminers), East Perth (Den of Riechip) and West Perth (Falls of Moness - vacated mines) (Bland, 1994c: 82); Breconshire, East Norfolk, North Essex, South-west Yorkshire and West Gloucestershire (NBN Atlas).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Denmark, Sweden (Spencer, 1976: 393), The Netherlands (Bladmineerders van Europa), Germany (Spencer, 1976: 570; Dempewolf, 2001: 181), Czech Republic, Italian mainland, Lithuania and Poland (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: