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Stem-borer: Larva boring in stem and pupating internally (Spencer, 1972b: 75).

Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.

The larva is described by Dempewolf (2001: 187).

Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).

Whitish, slender, deeply segmented; posterior spiracles each with up to 3 irregular bulbs (without central horns) (Spencer, 1976: 410).

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Urticaceae
Urtica	dioica	Common Nettle		Spencer, 1972b: 121

Hosts elsewhere:

Urticaceae
Urtica	dioica	Common Nettle		Spencer, 1976: 416
Urtica	dioica	Common Nettle		Dempewolf, 2001: 187
Urtica	dioica	Common Nettle		Spencer, 1990: 54

Time of year - larvae: Currently unknown.

Time of year - adults: One generation per year.

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Middlesex (Scratch Wood), Cambridgeshire (Chippenham Fen), Dunbartonshire (Bonhill) (Spencer, 1972b: 75) and Channel Is. (Fauna Europaea); Cambridgeshire, Carmarthenshire, Dumfriesshire, Glamorgan, Huntingdonshire, Oxfordshire, South-west Yorkshire and West Norfolk (NBN Atlas).

Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland, Co. Clare (Spencer, 1972b: 75).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden (Spencer, 1976: 417), Germany (Dempewolf, 2001: 187), Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italian mainland, Lithuania, Madeira, Poland, Slovakia, Spanish mainland and The Netherlands (Fauna Europaea).

Also recorded in central Asia, the U.S.A. and Canada (Spencer, 1976: 417).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: