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(Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera)
by
Brian Pitkin, Willem Ellis, Colin Plant and Rob Edmunds
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BRUNNERA.
[Boraginaceae]
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One
species of Brunnera, B. macrophylla (Great Forget-me-not)
is recorded in Britain.
Two British miners are recorded on Brunnera.
A key to the European miners recorded on Brunnera is provided in Bladmineerders van Europa.
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Key for the identification of the known mines of British
insects (Diptera and non-Diptera) recorded on Brunnera
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1a > Leaf-miner: A
narrow linear leaf-mine, which developes into a large blotch. Several
larvae frequently feed together and the resulting mine can entirely
fill the leaf (Spencer, 1976:
89).
The
mine begins with a narrow, parallel sided corridor af 1-8 cm in
length, with a nice double frass line. After the first moult the
corridor is succeeded, and mostly overrun, by a large, primary,
brown blotch. Frass in the initial corridor in short thread fragments,
in the blotch in angular granules and thread fragments that often
are branching (the frass is unusally sticky). Primary and secondary
feeding lines conspicuous. The final mine often is very large and
generally contains several larvae, because normally several mines
develop on a leaf, and coalesce into one big blotch. Before pupation
the larvae leave the mine through a semicircular exit slit that
mostly, but not invariably, is in the upper epidermis.
The initial narrow gallery contains frass in a double line. It then expands to form a blotch mine. Several larvae may occupy a leaf to form a large blotch. |
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On
numerous genera of Boraginaceae, including Anchusa, Borago, Cynoglossum, Echium and Pulmonaria, but not yet on Brunnera, Britain. Widespread
in Britain. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland. Common and
widespread throughout most of Europe.
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Agromyza
abiens Zetterstedt, 1848 [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1b > Leaf-miner: Mine
initially linear, later developing into a whitish blotch, becoming
blackish. Pupation in mine on lower surface.
The
mine begins as an upper surface blotch in the centre of the leaf,
from where corridors radiate, each with one larva. After a while
these rays fuse, resulting in one large, brown, blotch. Frass in
irregular strings. Pupation in principle outside the mine, exit
slit in lower epidermis (always?). Often the puparium protrudes
from the opening. |
Mine
of Phytomyza medicaginis on Symphytum officinale
Image: © Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) |
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On Symphytum, but not yet on Brunnera, in Britain. On Brunnera, Echium, Lithospermum and Symphytum elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental
Europe.
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Phytomyza
medicaginis Hering, 1925 [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
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