1 > Leaf-miner: May
be several mines to a leaf, which are initially blackish, short
and linear. A blotch is later formed. Pupation external, normally
on lower surface (Spencer, 1976:
427).
The
mine begins as a narrow, sometime stellate, strikingly dark corridor
that slowly widens into an upper-surface blotch. Frass in pearl
strings. Pupation within the mine, in a lower-surface puparial chamber;
the anterior spiracula penetrate the epidemis (Hering, 1957; Spencer,
1976a; Stubbs, 2000a; Welch, 2000a). (Stubbs [2000a] describes the
puparial chamber as upper-surface).
May
be several mines to a leaf, which are initially blackish (as shown),
short and linear. A blotch is later formed. |