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Leaf-miner: A conspicuous blotch, with characteristic greenish diffused frass, several larvae frequently feeding together (Spencer, 1972b: 54).

Primary upper-surface blotch without a trace of a preceding corridor, generally containing several larvae. The mine contains much greenish and half-deliquescent frass. Pupation outside the mine (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Forms an upper surface blotch mine. The mine can contain several larvae (British leafminers).

Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.

The larva is described by de Meijere (1938) and illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.

Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia				British leafminers
Euphorbia				Robbins, 1991: 68
Euphorbia	amygdaloides	Wood Spurge		Mines in BMNH
Euphorbia	amygdaloides	Wood Spurge		Spencer, 1972b: 116

Hosts elsewhere:

Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia				Spencer, 1990: 155
Euphorbia	amygdaloides	Wood Spurge		Bladmineerders van Europa
Euphorbia	dulcis	Sweet Spurge		Bladmineerders van Europa
Euphorbia	nicaeensis subsp. glareosa			Bladmineerders van Europa
Euphorbia	pithyusa			Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - mines: July-October.

Time of year - adults: Currently unknown.

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Apparently widespread, at least in the south including Kent, Surrey, Isle of Wight (Spencer, 1972b: 54), Gloucestershire (Southam) (British leafminers); Buckinghamshire, East Gloucestershire, East Sussex, Glamorgan, South Devon, Surrey, West Gloucestershire, West Sussex and Worcestershire (NBN Atlas).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Luxembourg (Bladmineerders van Europa), Belgium (de Bruyn and von Tschirnhaus, 1991), Corsica, French mainland, Germany, Poland, Romania and Spanish mainland (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: