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Leaf-miner: A long, winding leaf-mine on the upper surface of the leaf, with frass widely-spaced in conspicuous black lumps. Pupation internal, at the end of mine (Spencer, 1972b: 28 (fig. 68), 29).

Mines on Sonchus and Taraxacum are illustrated in British leafminers and on Solidago in Bladmineerders van Europa.

Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.

The larva is described Sasakawa (1961).

Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).

Black or whitish-grey; posterior spiracles asymmetrical, each have two distinct arms, with 4 bulbs on one arm and 7 bulbs on the other (Spencer, 1972b: 29).

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Asteraceae
Solidago				Robbins, 1991: 112
Solidago				Mines in BMNH
Solidago	virgaurea	Goldenrod		Spencer, 1972b: 114

Hosts elsewhere:

Asteraceae
Aster				Spencer, 1990: 274
Aster	amellus	European Michaelmas-daisy		Bladmineerders van Europa
Aster	novi-belgii	Confused Michaelmas-daisy		Bladmineerders van Europa
Callistephus	chinensis	China Aster		Bladmineerders van Europa
Erigeron				Spencer, 1990: 274
Erigeron	cf annuus			Bladmineerders van Europa
Sonchus				British leafminers
Solidago	cf gigantea			Bladmineerders van Europa
Solidago	virgaurea	Goldenrod		Bladmineerders van Europa
Solidago	virgaurea	Goldenrod		Spencer, 1976
Taraxacum				British leafminers

Time of year - mines: June, August-September.

Time of year - adults: Currently unknown.

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Britain including Kent (Darenth and Ham Street), Derbyshire (Miller's Dale) (Spencer, 1972b: 29), Warwickshire (Robbins, 1991: 112); East Kent (NBN Atlas).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in much of Europe including Denmark, Finland, Sweden (Spencer, 1976: 69), The Netherlands, Luxembourg (Bladmineerders van Europa), Belgium (de Bruyn and von Tschirnhaus, 1991), Canary Is., Czech Republic, Germany, Italian mainland, Lithuania, Poland, Sicily, Spanish mainland and Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea).

Also recorded in Japan, Canada and the U.S.A. (Spencer, 1976: 69).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: