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Leaf-miner: Starts as a contorted frass-filled gallery, between the midrib and vein. Later the gallery, with broken black frass, follows a vein before turning away. The final mine is 11-15 mm long. (British leafminers).

Oviposition on the leaf underside, generally in the axil of the midrib and a thick lateral vein. The very first part of the mine is so strongly contorted that sometimes a tiny secondary blotch originates, filled with black frass. Then follows a straight corridor of maximally 15 mm, almost completely filled with frass, mostly closely following a vein. Just before the larva is about to leave the mine (through an exit hole in the leaf underside) it turns away from the vein (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Larva: The larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples).

Dull, transparent yellowish; older larvae live free at the leaf underside, eating out windows (Bladmineerders van Europa).

The larva is also illustrated in British leafminers.

Pupa: The pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).

Dark blackish brown, in a grey-black, ribbed cocoon (Langmaid, Porter and Collins, 2007) (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Adult: The adult is not illustrated in UKMoths (check for update). The species is included in mothdissection.co.uk.

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Hosts elsewhere:

Ulmaceae
Ulmus	glabra	Wych Elm		Bladmineerders van Europa
Ulmus	x hollandica	Dutch Elm		Bladmineerders van Europa
Ulmus	minor	Small Leaved Elm		Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - larvae: June, October (British leafminers).

Time of year - adults: Currently unknown.

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Discovered in 2006 in Surrey (Farnham) (British leafminers). See also British leafminers distribution map.

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including The Netherlands, Germany (Bladmineerders van Europa), Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italian mainland, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia - Central and South, Sardinia, ? Sicily, Slovakia and Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:

Belgian Lepidoptera
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Bladmineerders van Europa
British leafminers
Encyclopedia of Life
Fauna Europaea
NBN Atlas
NHM UK Checklist
UKMoths