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Leaf-miner: A mine between veins from midrib to leaf-edge, narrow, tubular, with one crease in lower epidermis (British leafminers).

Narrow, finally tubular lower-surface mine between two side veins. The lower epidermis with one strong fold. Pupa in a flimsy cocoon in a corner of the mine, usually in the axil of midrib and side vein. Frass loosely heaped in the opposite corner (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Larva: The larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples).

Pupa: The pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).

The pupa and cremaster are illustrated in British leafminers and Bladmineerders van Europa.

Adult: The adult is illustrated in UKMoths by Rob Edmunds. The species is included in mothdissection.co.uk.

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Betulaceae
Carpinus				British leafminers
Carpinus				UKMoths
Carpinus	betulus	Hornbeam		Pitkin & Plant

Hosts elsewhere:

Betulaceae
Carpinus	betulus	Hornbeam		Belgian Lepidoptera
Carpinus	betulus	Hornbeam		Bladmineerders van Europa
Ostrya	carpinifolia			Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - larvae: June - July, September - October (British leafminers).

Time of year - adults: Two generations, flying in May then again during July and August (UKMoths).

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Mainly in the south-east of England (UKMoths) including Bedfordshire, Denbighshire, East Kent, East Norfolk, East Suffolk, Glamorgan, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, South-west Yorkshire, West Kent, West Norfolk and West Suffolk (NBN Atlas).

See also British leafminers distribution map. Occasionally found elsewhere, probably as an introduction with the foodplant (UKMoths).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Russia - Central, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Ukraine (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: