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Leaf-miner: The frass is dispersed in early part of mine (British leafminers).

Oviposition at upper or lower surface. Rather slender corridor mine, hardly widened in the end. The corridor often follows the leaf margin for some distance. The first section of the corridor is almost entirely filled with frass. Frass in the later part of the mine in more or less clear coils. Pupation external; exit slit invariably in upper epidermis (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Larva: The larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples).

The larva is yellow (British leafminers). The larva is also illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.

Pupa: The pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).

Adult: The adult is illustrated in UKMoths by Rob Edmunds. The species is included in mothdissection.co.uk.

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Ulmaceae
Ulmus				British leafminers
Ulmus				UKMoths
Ulmus	glabra	Wych Elm		UKMoths
Ulmus	procera	English Elm		Pitkin & Plant

Hosts elsewhere:

Ulmaceae
Ulmus				Belgian Lepidoptera
Ulmus	glabra	Wych Elm		Bladmineerders van Europa
Ulmus	laevis	European White-elm		Bladmineerders van Europa
Ulmus	minor	Small Leaved Elm		Bladmineerders van Europa
Ulmus	pumila			Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - larvae: July-July, September - October (British leafminers; UKMoths).

Time of year - adults: There are two generations, with adults in May and August (UKMoths).

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Distributed throughout the British Isles (UKMoths), including Banffshire, Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Caernarvonshire, Cambridgeshire, Carmarthenshire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, East Kent, East Norfolk, East Suffolk, Flintshire, Glamorgan, Herefordshire, Huntingdonshire, Kincardineshire, Merionethshire, Middlesex, Monmouthshire, North Aberdeenshire, North Essex, North Hampshire, North Somerset, Northamptonshire, Shropshire, South Aberdeenshire, South Essex, South Hampshire, South Lancashire, South Wiltshire, Stafford, Surrey, West Gloucestershire, West Norfolk, West Suffolk, Westmorland and Worcestershire (NBN Atlas), although becoming scarcer further north (UKMoths) and the Channel Is. (Fauna Europaea).

See also British leafminers distribution map.

Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland (Fauna Europaea and National Biodiversity Data Centre Map).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Faroe Is., Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Moldova, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia - Central and East, Slovakia, Slovenia, ? Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine and Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: