|
|
(Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera)
by
Brian Pitkin, Willem Ellis, Colin Plant and Rob Edmunds
|
|
|
ECHINOCHLOA.
Millet and Cockspurs. [Poaceae]
|
Ten
species of Echinochloa are recorded in Britain. All are introduced
and include Cockspur (E. crus-galli).
Five British miners are recorded on Echinochloa.
A key to the European miners recorded on Echinochloa is provided in Bladmineerders van Europa.
Nearly 100 British miners or possible miners are recorded on grasses in Britain.
It is recommended that adults of all miners on grasses be reared to be certain of their identity. |
Key for the identification of the known mines of British
insects (Diptera and non-Diptera) recorded on Echinochloa
|
1a > Leaf-miner: Long
upper-surface corridor usually containing several larvae that graze
shoulder to shoulder from the leaf tip downwards. Pupation outside
the mine. Mines and larvae are indistinguishable from those of A.
nigrella. |
On Bromus, Bromopsis, Elymus, Holcus, Phleum and Triticum, but not yet on Echinchloa, in Britain and additional grasses elsewhere. Widespread in Britain
and continental Europe.
|
Agromyza
mobilis Meigen, 1830 [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1b > Leaf-miner: Broad
elongated mine; the form is dependent of the leaf form of the host
plant. Frass green. Usually a number of larvae together in a mine.
Pupation in the mine. |
On Bromopsis, Dactylis, Elymus and Phalaris, but not yet on Echinchloa, in Britain
and additional grasses elsewhere. Widespread in Britain. Also
recorded in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread and common in continental Europe. Also recorded in Japan, U.S.A. and Canada.
|
Cerodontha
incisa (Meigen, 1830) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1c > Leaf-miner: Broad
lower surface mine which generally starts at the leaf apex.The mine
is somewhat irregular in depth. Frass in irregular black-green,
frequently melted grains, mostly along the edges of the mine. Larva
solitary. Pupation generally internal. |
On Calamagrostis, Elymus and Hierochloe, but not yet on Echinchloa, in Britain and additional
genera of grasses elsewhere. Widespread and not uncommon in Britain.
Widespread in continental Europe. Also recorded Canada and the
U.S.A.
|
Cerodontha
muscina (Meigen, 1830) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1d > Leaf-miner: Upper-surface
corridor, generally in the upper half of the blade, running up to
the leaf tip, usually occupying more then half the width of the
leaf. Frass in green stripes at either side of the corridor. Never
more than one larva in a mine. Puparium within the mine, metallic
black, not anchered with a string of silk. |
On Ammophila and Elymus, but not yet on Echinchloa, in Britain and additional grasses
elsewhere. Known only from Norfolk and Elgin in Britain. Widespread in continental Europe. Also recorded in Canada and the U.S.A.
|
Cerodontha
superciliosa (Zetterstedt, 1860) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1a > Leaf-miner: Irregular
mine, locally shallow, elsewhere much deeper, giving it a mottled
appearance. In broadleaved plants the mine often begins as a blotch
with stellate extensions, but sometimes as a very fine, shallow
corridor. In grasses the mine often begins in the leaf sheath. The
frass is very fine-grained, initially scattered, later in aggregates.
The egg is deposited on the plant surface, and the empty egg shell
remains visible. But the larvae are able to leave their mine and
restart elsewhere, thus mines without an egg shell can be found
as well. The larva also leaves the mine before pupation. Pupation
takes place in a newly made, small, blotch mine without frass; this
mine may be made in another plant (species). |
|
|
Polyphagpus. On
? Alisma, ? Damasonium,
? Sagittaria, ? Bellis,
? Rorippa, Tropaeolum, ? Lychnis,
? Stellaria,
? Carex,
? Cyperus,
? Scirpus,
? Hydrocharis,
? Stratiotes,
? Lamium,
? Lemna,
? Allium, Arrhenatherum,
? Polygonum,
? Potamogeton,
? Veronica,
? Typha, but not yet on Echinchloa, in Britain.
On ? Alisma,
? Damasonium, ? Sagittaria,
? Bellis, ? Rorippa, Tropaeolum, Lychnis,
? Stellaria, Carex,
? Scirpus, Trifolium,
? Hydrocharis, Lamium,
? Lemna, Allium, Papaver, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Apera, Arrhenatherum, Avena, Avenula, Brachypodium, Briza, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Dactylis, Desmazeria, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Eleusine, Elymus, Festuca, Gaudinia, Glyceria, Holcus, Hordeum, Lagurus, Lolium, Panicum, Phalaris, Phleum, Phragmites, Poa, Secale, Setaria, Triticum,
? Polygonum, ? Potamogeton, Veronica, ? Typha and Verbena elsewhere.
Widespread in England. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland.
Widespread in the Palaearctic region. Also recorded from Nearctic
and Australasian Regions.
|
Hydrellia
griseola (Fallén, 1813) [Diptera: Ephydridae]. |
|