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Leaf-miner: Early mine a squarish or triangular blotch with brownish lower epidermis. Thereafter two or three successive folds formed by folding the leaf margin upwards (British leafminers).

Small, rectangular mine between two side veins (triangular when in a vein axil). The lower epidermis is brown. The larva begins feeding in the spongy parenchyma. Later also the palissade parenchyma along the outline of the mine is consumed. Finally all palissade parenchyma is eaten away, and the mine has become full depth and very transparant. Most frass in a cormer of the mine. After leaving the mine the larva lives in a rolled leaf margin. Here also pupation takes place (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Larva: The larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples).

The larva is illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.

Pupa: The pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).

In folded leaf-edge, usually on ground (British leafminers). The pupa is illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.

Adult: The adult is illustrated in UKMoths. The species is included in mothdissection.co.uk.

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Betulaceae
Corylus	avellana	Hazel		British leafminers
Corylus	avellana	Hazel		Pitkin & Plant
Corylus	avellana	Hazel		UKMoths

Hosts elsewhere:

Betulaceae
Corylus	avellana	Hazel		Bladmineerders van Europa
Corylus	colurna	Turkish Hazel		Bladmineerders van Europa
Corylus	maxima	Filbert		Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - larvae: July, September (British leafminers).

Time of year - adults: Two generations, firstly in May and again in August (UKMoths).

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Relatively common wherever its foodplant is found (UKMoths). Widespread in Britain including Bedfordshire, Breconshire, Buckinghamshire, Caernarvonshire, Cambridgeshire, Carmarthenshire, Cheshire, Denbighshire, Derbyshire, Dorset, Dumfriesshire, Durham, East Cornwall, East Gloucestershire, East Kent, East Norfolk, East Suffolk, East Sutherland, Flintshire, Glamorgan, Herefordshire, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Isle of Wight, Leicestershire, Merionethshire, Middlesex, Monmouthshire, Montgomeryshire, North Aberdeenshire, North Devon, North Ebudes, North Essex, North Hampshire, North Lincolnshire, North Northumberland, North Somerset, North Wiltshire, Northamtonshire, Pembrokeshire, Radnorshire, Shropshire, South Aberdeenshire, South Devon, South Hampshire, South Northumberland, South Wiltshire, South-west Yorkshire, Stafford, Surrey, Warwickshire, West Cornwall, West Gloucestershire, West Kent, West Lancashire, West Norfolk, West Suffolk, Westmorland and Worcestershire (NBN Atlas).

See also British leafminers distribution map.

Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (Fauna Europaea and National Biodiversity Data Centre Map).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of Moldova, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia - Central, East, Northwest and South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine. Also recorded in Near East (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: