Leaf-miner: Long, narrow, whitish mine. Pupation internal (Spencer,
1976: 453); anterior spiracles projecting through the epidermis.
Whitish,
upper-surface, rather narrow corridor with comparatively large frass
grains that are laying further apart than their diameter. Pupation
within the mine. The anterior spiracles of the orange-brown puparium
penetrate the epidermis (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
The anterior spiracles are on relatively long stalks, each with
up to 118 bulbs; posterior spiracles on short stalks, each with
10-13 bulbs (Spencer, 1976:
453). The larva is described by Sasakawa (1961) and Dempewolf (2001:
203) and illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.
Puparium:
The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
Yellowish-brown (Spencer,
1976: 453). The anterior spiracles of the orange-brown puparium
penetrate the epidermis (Bladmineerders van Europa.
Comments:
Griffiths (1980) treats
nigra as a single species with five forms. Spencer (1990)
treats nigra as a superspecies. However, he states that forms
cannot be associated with particular hosts.
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Poaceae |
|
|
|
|
Anthoxanthum |
odoratum
|
Sweet
Vernal-grass |
|
Bland,
2002a: 101 |
Arrhenatherum |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 140 |
Arrhenatherum |
elatius
|
False
Oat-grass |
|
Mines
in BMNH; |
Arrhenatherum |
elatius
|
False
Oat-grass |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 122 |
Avenula |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 141 |
Brachypodium |
sylvaticum
|
False
Brome |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 122 |
Calamagrostis |
canescens
|
Purple
Small-reed |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 123 |
Dactylis |
glomerata
|
Cock's-foot |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 123 |
Deschampsia |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 141 |
Deschampsia |
cespitosa
|
Tufted
Hair-grass |
|
Robbins,
1989: 25 |
Deschampsia |
flexuosa
|
Wavy
Hair-grass |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
Elymus |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 141 |
Elymus |
repens |
Common
Couch |
|
Robbins,
1989: 25 |
Festuca |
rubra
|
Red
Fescue |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 123 |
Holcus |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 141 |
Holcus |
|
|
|
Spencer, 1972b: 82 |
Holcus |
lanatus
|
Yorkshire-fog |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
Holcus |
lanatus
|
Yorkshire-fog |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 123 |
Holcus |
lanatus
|
Yorkshire-fog |
|
Bland,
2002a: 101 |
Holcus |
mollis
|
Creeping
Soft-grass |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
Holcus |
mollis
|
Creeping
Soft-grass |
|
Robbins,
1989: 25 |
Holcus |
mollis
|
Creeping
Soft-grass |
|
Bland,
2002a: 102 |
Milium |
effusum
|
Wood
Millet |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 124 |
Phalaris |
arundinacea
|
Reed
Canary-grass |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 124 |
Phleum |
pratense
|
Timothy |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
Poa |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 141 |
Poa |
|
|
|
Spencer, 1972b: 82 |
Poa |
pratensis
|
Smooth
Meadow-grass |
|
Robbins,
1989: 25 |
Poa |
trivialis
|
Rough
Meadow-grass |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 124 |
Secale |
cereale
|
Rye |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 124 |
Triticum |
aestivum
|
Bread
Wheat |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 125 |
Hosts
elsewhere:
Poaceae |
|
|
|
|
Aegilops |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 356 |
Agrostis |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Agrostis |
tenuis |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Aira |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Aira |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Alopecurus |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Alopecurus |
myosuroides |
Black-grass |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Alopecurus |
pratensis
|
Meadow
Foxtail |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Ammophila |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Ammophila |
arenaria |
Marram |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Anthoxanthum |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Anthoxanthum |
odoratum
|
Sweet
Vernal-grass |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Apera |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Apera |
spica-venti |
Loose
Silky-bent |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Arrhenatherum |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1976: 453 |
Arrhenatherum |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Arrhenatherum |
elatius
|
False
Oat-grass |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Avena |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Avena |
sativa
|
Oat |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Avenula |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Brachypodium |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1976: 453 |
Brachypodium |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Brachypodium |
sylvaticum
|
False
Brome |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Briza |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Briza |
media |
Quaking-grass |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Bromus |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Bromopsis |
ramosa |
Hairy-brome |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Calamagrostis |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1976: 453 |
Calamagrostis |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Calamagrostis |
canescens
|
Purple
Small-reed |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Catapodium |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Chaetopogon |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Cynosurus |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Cynosurus |
cristatus
|
Crested
Dog's-tail |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Dactylis |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1976: 453 |
Dactylis |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Dactylis |
glomerata
|
Cock's-foot |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Deschampsia |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Deschampsia |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Desmazeria |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Eleusine |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 356 |
Elymus |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Elytrigia |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 356 |
Festuca |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1976: 453 |
Festuca |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Festuca |
altissima |
Wood
Fescue |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Festuca |
ovina |
Sheep's-fescue |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Festuca |
rubra
|
Red
Fescue |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Gaudinia |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Gaudinia |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Glyceria |
fluitans |
Floating
Sweet-grass |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Glyceria |
maxima |
Reed
Sweet-grass |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Glyceria |
notata |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa, as Glyceria plicata
|
Hierochloe |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Hierochloe |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Holcus |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1976: 453 |
Holcus |
lanatus
|
Yorkshire-fog |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Holcus |
mollis
|
Creeping
Soft-grass |
|
Dempewolf,
2001: 203 |
Holcus |
mollis
|
Creeping
Soft-grass |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Hordeum |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 356 |
Hordeum |
vulgare
|
Six-rowed
Barley |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Lagurus |
ovatus |
Hair's-tail |
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Lamarkia |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Lepturus |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 357 |
Lolium |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Lolium |
perenne
|
Perennial
Rye-grass |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Melica |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Milium |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1976: 453 |
Milium |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 356 |
Milium |
effusum
|
Wood
Millet |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Molinia |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 356 |
Molinia |
caerulea
|
Purple
Moor-grass |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Nardus |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Phalaris |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1976: 453 |
Phalaris |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Phalaris |
arundinacea
|
Reed
Canary-grass |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Phleum |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Phleum |
pratense |
Timothy |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Pholiurus |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Poa |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1976: 453 |
Poa |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Poa |
annua
|
Annual
Meadow-grass |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Poa |
trivialis
|
Rough
Meadow-grass |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Polypogon |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Secale |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1976: 453 |
Secale |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 356 |
Secale |
cereale
|
Rye |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Sesleria |
albicans |
Blue
Moor-grass |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Setaria |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 357 |
Trisetum |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Trisetum |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Triticum |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1976: 453 |
Triticum |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 356 |
Triticum |
aestivum
|
Bread
Wheat |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Vulpia |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 356 |
Zea |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 357 |
Time
of year - mines: June-August.
Time
of year - adults: Currently unknown.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Widespread and common throughout
British Isles including Scotland (Spencer, 1972b), Warwickshire (Coventry) (Robbins,
1991), Channel Is. (Fauna Europaea); Cambridgeshire, Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire, Derbyshire, Dorset, Durham, East Kent, East Norfolk, East Suffolk, East Sutherland, Easterness, Elgin, Glamorgan, Isle of Wight, Monmouthshire, North Somerset,
Nottinghamshire, North Somerset, North-east Yorkshire, North-west Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Pembrokeshire, South Lancashire, South-east Yorkshire,
South-west Yorkshire,
Stafford, Surrey, West Gloucestershire, West Norfolk and Westmorland (NBN
Atlas).
Also
recorded in Ireland (Spencer, 1972b). Distribution
elsewhere: Common in much of Europe, including Denmark, Finland,
Sweden (Spencer, 1976: 453),
Madeira, the Baltic, Kamchatka (Siberia) (Spencer,
1990), The Netherlands, Luxembourg (Bladmineerders van Europa), Belgium (de
Bruyn and von Tschirnhaus, 1991), Germany (Spencer,
1976: 453; Dempewolf, 2001:
203), Belarus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Faroe Is., French mainland,
Hungary, Iceland, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Madeira,
Poland, Slovakia, Swden, Switzerland and Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea).
Also
recorded in Canada, western U.S.A. and Japan (Spencer,
1976: 453). NBN Atlas links to known host species:
Agrostis
capillaris,
Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum
odoratum, Arrhenatherum
elatius, Avena
sativa, Brachypodium
sylvaticum, Briza
media, Calamagrostis
canescens, Cynosurus
cristatus, Dactylis
glomerata, Deschampsia
cespitosa, Deschampsia
flexuosa, Elymus
repens, Festuca
altissima, Festuca
ovina, Festuca
rubra, Glyceria
fluitans, Glyceria
notata, Glyceria
maxima, Holcus
lanatus, Holcus
mollis, Hordeum
vulgare, Lolium
perenne, Milium
effusum, Molinia
caerulea, Phalaris
arundinacea, Phleum
pratense, Poa
annua, Poa
pratensis, Poa
trivialis, Secale
cereale, Sesleria
albicans, Triticum
aestivum |
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
|