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(Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera)
by
Brian Pitkin, Willem Ellis, Colin Plant and Rob Edmunds
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CALEPINA. White Ball-mustard. [Brassicaceae]
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Only
one speced in Britain - Field Marigold
(C. arvensis) and Perennial Pot Marigold (C. officinalis).
Both species are introduced.
Four British miners are recorded on Calendula.
Elsewhere
one British non-Diptera miner, Cnephasia
incertana, is recorded on Calendula.
A key to the European miners recorded on Calendula is provided in Bladmineerders van Europa.
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Key for the identification of the known mines of British
insects (Diptera and non-Diptera) recorded on Calendula
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1a > Leaf-miner: A distinctive mine primarily above mid-rib, with irregular short
lateral offshoots into leaf blade. Pupation external (Spencer, 1972:
51 (fig. 172), 55; Spencer, 1976:
270, 271 (fig. 486)).
Branched,
whitish, upper-surface corridor; main axis overlying the midrib;
side branches overlying the main lateral veins. (In Campanula and Phyteuma the mine is much less branched, sometimes nothing
more than a corridor on top of the midrib). Frass in rather long
strings. Usually the mines begins as a long and narrow, shallow,
tortuous lower-surface corridor that ends upon the midrib but otherwise
is not associated with the leaf venation. Often this initial corridor
is filled with callus, and then even less conspicuous. Pupation
outside the mine.
A
linear mine on the upper surface, usually following the midrib and
showing side branches along the veins. The frass is in strings. |
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Polyphagous. On more than 40 host genera in 15 families, including Achillea,
in Britain and elsewhere. Widespread throughout Britain. Also
recorded in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread in continental
Europe.
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Liriomyza strigata (Meigen, 1830) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1b > Leaf-miner: Mine linear, whitish, both upper and lower surface. Pupation internal,
at the end of the mine with the anterior spiracles projecting through
the epidermis (Spencer, 1976:
433).
Upper-surface,
less often lower-surface corridor. Frass in isolated grains. Pupation
within the mine, usually in a lower-surface puparial chamber.
A long whitish upper surface corridor, which eventually goes lower surface. |
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Two
highly polyphagous species of Chromatomyia, with indistinguishable
mines, have been recorded in Britain. These are syngenesiae (Hardy) and horticola (Goureau) which can only be distinguished by the male genitalia. Both species are widespread in Britain and elsewhere, although syngenesiae is almost entirely restricted to Asteraceae. Records on Asteraceae not based on examination of male genitalia are treated in this account as Chromatomyia 'atricornis'.
Chromatomyia syngenesiae is recorded on Calendula elsewhere, but not yet on Calendula, in Britain.
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Chromatomyia
syngenesiae Hardy, 1849 [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1c > Larva
mining both lower and upper surface, unusually long, linear, conspicuously
broad, frequently largely on the underside of the leaf. Pupation
external (Spencer, 1972b:
76 (fig. 251); Spencer, 1976:
445 (fig. 780), 446).
Corridor
mine. The first part consists of a very long and narrow lower-surface
corridor; the mine is quite shollow here, and often inconspicuous.
The second part is upper-surface, uusally much shorter, and widens
abruptly. Pupation outside the mine. |
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On Crepis, Hieracium, Lapsana, Picris, Pilosella,
Senecio, Sonchus and Taraxacum, but not yet on Calendula, in Britain and
additionally other genera of Asteraceae elsewhere. Widespread
in southern Britain, also Sutherland, Inner Hebrides and Warwick.
Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland and Widespread in much
of Europe.
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Phytomyza
marginella Fallén, 1823 [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1d > Leaf-miner: In the first instar the larva mines the leaves, forming short,
irregular, blotch-like mines, but in later instars it lives externally,
feeding in spun leaves and often twisting those of tender shoots. Larval head light-brown or yellowish brown, edged with black postero-laterally,
ocellar area blackish; prothoracic plate black edged with whitish
anteriorly; abdomen dull dark green; pinacula distinct, black,
sometimes brownish but with black bases to setae; anal plate large,
black (Bradley et al., 1973).
Small,
full depth mine without a definite shape; little frass. Some silk
is deposited in the mine. The larva soon leaves the mine and continues
feeding among spun leaves. |
Polyphagous. On numerous genera and species of plant families, but not yet
on Calendula, in Britain. On numerous genera
and species of plant families including Calendula elsewhere.
Widespread in Britain and continental Europe. Also recorded from
the Channel Is.
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Cnephasia
incertana (Treitschke, 1835) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]. |
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