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(Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera)
by
Brian Pitkin, Willem Ellis, Colin Plant and Rob Edmunds
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PRENANTHES.
Purple Lettuce. [Asteraceae]
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Only
one species of Prenanthes is recorded in Britain, the introduced
Purple Lettuce (P. purpurea L.).
Six British miners are recorded on Prenanthes.
A key to the European miners recorded on Prenanthes is provided in Bladmineerders van Europa. |
Key for the identification of the known mines of British
insects (Diptera and non-Diptera) recorded on Prenanthes
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1a >
Stem mine: An external stem mine; frass in two rows of disconnected
strips. Pupation in stem at end of mine. Puparium black |
Polyphagous. On Campanula, Jasione, Phyteuma [Campanulaceae], Crepis, Hypochaeris and Lapsana [Asteraceae], but not yet on Prenanthes, in Britain and additional genera of both families elsewhere. Uncommon
in Britain - recorded in London, Warwick and Cambridge. Uncommon
but Widespread in continental Europe.
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Ophiomyia
heringi Stary [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1b > Leaf-miner: A distinctive mine primarily above mid-rib, with irregular short
lateral offshoots into leaf blade. Pupation external (Spencer, 1972:
51 (fig. 172), 55; Spencer, 1976:
270, 271 (fig. 486)).
Branched,
whitish, upper-surface corridor; main axis overlying the midrib;
side branches overlying the main lateral veins. (In Campanula and Phyteuma the mine is much less branched, sometimes nothing
more than a corridor on top of the midrib). Frass in rather long
strings. Usually the mines begins as a long and narrow, shallow,
tortuous lower-surface corridor that ends upon the midrib but otherwise
is not associated with the leaf venation. Often this initial corridor
is filled with callus, and then even less conspicuous. Pupation
outside the mine.
A
linear mine on the upper surface, usually following the midrib and
showing side branches along the veins. The frass is in strings. |
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Polyphagous. On more than 40 host genera in 15 families, but not yet on Prenanthes, in Britain. Widespread
throughout Britain. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland.
Widespread in continental Europe.
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Liriomyza strigata (Meigen, 1830) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1c > Leaf-miner: A whitish blotch-mine along mid-rib, with offshoots into leaf blade.
Pupation takes place at the base of the mid-rib. Puparium yellowish
white |
Mine
of Ophiomyia cunctata on Taraxacum officinale
Image: © Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) |
On Crepis, Hypochaeris, Lapsana, Mycelis, Picris, Sonchus, Taraxacum and possibly Bellis, but not yet on Prenanthes, in Britain and additional genera of
Asteraceae elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and throughout much
of Europe.
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Ophiomyia
cunctata (Hendel, 1920) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1d > Leaf-miner: Larva
mining both lower and upper surface, unusually long, linear, conspicuously
broad, frequently largely on the underside of the leaf. Pupation
external (Spencer, 1972b:
76 (fig. 251); Spencer, 1976:
445 (fig. 780), 446).
Corridor
mine. The first part consists of a very long and narrow lower-surface
corridor; the mine is quite shollow here, and often inconspicuous.
The second part is upper-surface, uusally much shorter, and widens
abruptly. Pupation outside the mine. |
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On Crepis, Hieracium, Lapsana, Picris, Pilosella,
Senecio, Sonchus and Taraxacum, but not yet on Prenanthes, in Britain and
additionally other genera of Asteraceae elsewhere. Widespread
in southern Britain, also Sutherland, Inner Hebrides and Warwick.
Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland and Widespread in much
of Europe.
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Phytomyza
marginella Fallén, 1923 [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1e > Leaf-miner: A small primary blotch, often several larvae feeding together (Spencer, 1972b: 56 (fig. 186); Spencer,
1976: 270, 271 (fig. 483)).
Brown,
upper-surfsce blotch; often several larvae in a mine. The blotch
is preceded by a short initial corridor, often overrun by the later
blotch. Frass in a few, small grains. Secondary feeding lines well
visible. Pupation outside the mine, exit slit in upper epidermis.
Small upper surface blotch, with occasional galleries leading from the blotch. Often several larvae feeding together. |
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Liriomyza sonchi larva, lateral
Image: © Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) |
On Sonchus arvensis, Sonchus asper, Sonchus oleraceus and Sonchus palustris, but not yet on Prenathes, in Britain. On Cichorium, Lactuca,
Mycelis, Prenanthes and Sonchus elsewhere. Widespread,
at least in south, in Britain. Widespread and common in much of
Europe. Also recorded in Canada.
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Liriomyza
sonchi Hendel, 1931 [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1f > Leaf-miner: The
mine begins with a very narrow full depth corridor, that ends upon
the midrib. Subsequently a broad corridor, or rather an elongated
blotch, is made overlying the midrib; from here broad, lobe-like
extensions are made into the blade. Frass in discrete grains. Secondary
feeding lines conspicuous. The larva is capable of leaving the mine
and restarting in a new leaf, in which case the association with
the midrib may be lost. Pupation after vacation of the mine. |
Mine of Trypeta immaculata on Taraxacum
Image: Rob Edmunds (British leafminers) |
On Cichorium, Crepis, Hieracium and Taraxacum, but not yet on Prenanthes, in Britain
and additionally other genera of Asteraceae elsewhere. North-east
Scotland, also throughout Ireland and continental Europe, except the Mediterranean
area.
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Trypeta
immaculata (Macquart, 1835) [Diptera: Tephritidae]. |
1g > Leaf-miner: Elongated upper-surface blotch, preceded by a corridor (exceptionally, visible in the picture, as a long lower-surface corridor). Primary and secondary feeding lines conspicuous. Older mines quickly turn brown. Pupation outside the mine.
The mine starts as a corridor which quickly broadens into a blotch, which appears dark with white borders. It is intitially circular or slightly elongated but becomes irregular as the mine matures. The larva is shown and feeding lines are also visible. The mine quickly turns brown and pupation is ouside the mine. The adult was bred and emerged on 10.vii.2017. First discovered in the UK in 2010 (Godfray, 2011). |
Mine of Liriomyza puella on Lapsana communis
Image: (Bladmineerders van Europa)
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On Lapsana communis in Yorkshire and on Cichorium
intybus, Lapsana
communis, Mycelis
muralis, Prenanthes
purpurea elsewhere.
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Liriomyza puella (Meigen, 1830) [Diptera: Agromyzidae] |
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