Scrophularia [Scrophulariaceae] in Leaf and stem mines of British flies and other insects</titllink href="../Drop_Down_Menu_files/css3menu1/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <style type="text/css">._css3m{display:none} </style> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-32157274-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 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Autumn Hawkbit. [Asteraceae]</strong></p> <hr /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" class="medium"> <p> <em><a href="LEONTODON.php" target="_blank">Leontodon</a> autumnalis</em> is treated as <em>Scorzoneroides autumnalis</em> (Autumn Hawkbit) by Stace (2010).</p> <p> <em>See <a href="LEONTODON.php" target="_blank">LEONTODON</a>.</em></p> <p>A key to the European miners recorded on <em>Scorzoneroides</em> is provided in <a href="https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/angiosperma/eudicots/superasterids/asterids/campanulids/asterales/asteraceae/cichoroideae/cichorieae/hypochaeridinae/scorzoneroides/" target="_blank">Bladmineerders van Europa</a>.</p> </td> </tr> </table> <br /> <table width="98%" align="center"> <tr> <td colspan="3"><hr /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="25%" align="left" valign="top"><span class="small"><a href="http://validator.w3.org/"><img src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/valid-xhtml10-blue" width="88" height="31" border="0" alt="XHTML Validator" /></a></span></td> <td width="25%" align="center" valign="middle"><span class="small">Last updated 07-Jul-2019 <a href="#">Brian Pitkin</a></span></td> <td width="25%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="#TOP"><img src="../Images/up.gif" alt="Top of page" width="21" height="21" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><hr /> </td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> align="top" class="medium"><hr /> <p><span class="big"><strong>Key for the identification of the known mines of British<br /> insects (Diptera and non-Diptera) recorded on<em> Scrophularia</em></strong></span> </p> <hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="medium"><strong>1a > Leaf-miner: </strong> A distinctive mine primarily above mid-rib, with irregular short lateral offshoots into leaf blade. Pupation external (Spencer, 1972: 51 (fig. 172), 55; <a href="../refs.php#Spencer1976">Spencer, 1976</a>: 270, 271 (fig. 486)).</p> <p class="medium">Branched, whitish, upper-surface corridor; main axis overlying the midrib; side branches overlying the main lateral veins. (In <em>Campanula</em> and <em>Phyteuma</em> the mine is much less branched, sometimes nothing more than a corridor on top of the midrib). Frass in rather long strings. Usually the mines begins as a long and narrow, shallow, tortuous lower-surface corridor that ends upon the midrib but otherwise is not associated with the leaf venation. Often this initial corridor is filled with callus, and then even less conspicuous. Pupation outside the mine.</p> <p class="medium">A linear mine on the upper surface, usually following the midrib and showing side branches along the veins. The frass is in strings.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"><iframe src="http://www.ukflymines.co.uk/Images/gallery/Liriomyza_strigata/Liriomyza_strigata_1.htm" width="700" height="420" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"> </iframe></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"> <blockquote> <p><span class="medium">Polyphagous. On more than 40 host genera in 15 families, <strong>but not yet on <em>Scrophularia</em></strong>, in Britain,. Widespread throughout Britain. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread in continental Europe.</span></p> </blockquote> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top"><p class="medium"><strong><em><a href="../Flies/Liriomyza_strigata.php" target="_blank">Liriomyza strigata</a></em></strong> (Meigen, 1830) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" class="medium"><p><strong>1b > Leaf-miner: </strong>A linear-blotch mine, often with several mines occurring in the same leaf (<a href="../refs.php#Spencer1976">Spencer, 1976</a>: 167, fig. 305).</p> <p class="medium">A short, mostly upper-surface, rarely partly lower-surface corridor leads to a large, upper-surface, primary blotch. The mine initially is pale, turns brown later. Frass in sizeable dispersed grains. Pupation outside the mine; the larva leaves the mine through a semicircular exit slit in the upper epidermis.</p> <p class="medium">Upper surface variable mine, from a short gallery leading to a large, roundish blotch to a long gallery leading to an elongated blotch.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"><iframe src="http://www.ukflymines.co.uk/Images/gallery/Amauromyza_verbasci/Amauromyza_verbasci_1.htm" width="700" height="420" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"> </iframe></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" class="medium"> <blockquote> <p>On <em>Buddleja, Scrophularia</em> and<em> Verbascum </em> in Britain and elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental Europe.</p> </blockquote> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top" class="medium"><p><strong><em><a href="../Flies/Amauromyza_verbasci.php" target="_blank">Amauromyza verbasci</a></em></strong> (Bouché, 1847) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" class="medium"><p><strong>1c > Leaf-miner: </strong>Rather long full depth corridor that winds freely through the leaf and may cross itself. In the end the corridor widens considerably. Frass mostly in a narrow central line, but may also be deposited along the sides or be missing. The larvae regular leave a mine to restart elsewhere. Pupation outside the mine. Neither larva or mine can be distinguished from that of related species.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"><iframe src="http://www.ukflymines.co.uk/Images/gallery/Apteropeda_orbiculata/Apteropeda_orbiculata_1.htm" width="700" height="420" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"> </iframe></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"><iframe src="http://www.ukflymines.co.uk/Images/gallery/Apteropeda_orbiculata/Apteropeda_orbiculata_larva_1.htm" width="700" height="430" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" class="medium"> <blockquote> <p>Polyphagous. On numerous genera and species in several plant families, including <em>Scophularia </em> in Britain. On numerous genera and species in several plant families elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental Europe.</p> </blockquote> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top" class="medium"><p><em><strong><a href="../Beetles/Apteropeda_orbiculata.php" target="_blank">Apteropeda orbiculata</a></strong></em> (Marsham, 1802) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae].</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" class="medium"><p align="left"><strong>1d > Leaf-miner: </strong>A short, irregular, linear upper surface mine on any part of the leaf. Also recorded from young pods (Bland, 1997a).</p> <p class="medium"> Long corridor mine. As a rule the first part of the mine is lower-surface, the later part upper-surface. Often the loops are so dense that a secondary blotch is the result. Because upper- and lower-surface corridor segments often cross, the mine obtains a strange array of transparant patches. There is no association with the midrib. Frass in strings and thread fragments. Pupation outside the mine; exit slit in upper epidermis.</p> <p class="medium">Mine not associated with the veins or midrib of the leaf (It is this character which enables distinction from another Agromyzid pest species - <a href="../Flies/Liriomyza_huidobrensis.php">Liriomyza huidobriensis</a>). The larvae may leave one leaf (if not large enough) and enter another leaf, via the petiole). It exits the leaf to pupate through a semi-circular slit in the upper surface of the leaf.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"><iframe src="http://www.ukflymines.co.uk/Images/gallery/Liriomyza_bryoniae/Liriomyza_bryoniae_1.htm" width="700" height="420" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"><iframe src="http://www.ukflymines.co.uk/Images/gallery/Liriomyza_bryoniae/Liriomyza_bryoniae_larva_1.htm" width="700" height="420" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" class="medium"> <blockquote> <p>Polyphagous. On 119 plant genera in 31 plant families of which only 4 plant genera in 2 plant families, <strong> but not yet on <em>Scrophularia</em></strong>, in Britain. Local, probably introduced to Britain. Widespread in continental Europe particularly in Botanical Gardens and glasshouses. Also recorded in Egypt.</p> </blockquote> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top" class="medium"><p><em><a href="../Flies/Liriomyza_bryoniae.php" target="_blank"><strong>Liriomyza bryoniae</strong></a></em> (Kaltenbach, 1858) [Diptera: Agromyzidae].</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" class="medium"><p><strong>1e > Leaf-miner: </strong>In the first instar the larva mines the leaves, forming short, irregular, blotch-like mines, but in later instars it lives externally, feeding in spun leaves and often twisting those of tender shoots. Larval head light-brown or yellowish brown, edged with black postero-laterally, ocellar area blackish; prothoracic plate black edged with whitish anteriorly; abdomen dull dark green; pinacula distinct, black, sometimes brownish but with black bases to setae; anal plate large, black (<a href="../refs.php#BradleyEtAl1973">Bradley et al., 1973</a>). Small, full depth mine without a definite shape; little frass. Some silk is deposited in the mine. The larva soon leaves the mine and continues feeding among spun leaves.</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" class="medium"> <blockquote> <p>Polyphagous. On numerous genera and species of several plant families, <strong>but not yet on </strong><em><strong>Scrophularia</strong></em>, in Britain and elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental Europe. Also recorded from the Channel Is.</p> </blockquote> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="top" class="medium"><p><em><strong><a href="../Moths/Cnephasia_incertana.php" target="_blank">Cnephasia incertana</a></strong></em> (Treitschke, 1835) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae].</p></td> </tr> </table> <br /> <table width="98%" align="center"> <tr> <td colspan="3"><hr /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="25%" align="left" valign="top"><span class="small"><a href="http://validator.w3.org/"><img src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/valid-xhtml10-blue" width="88" height="31" border="0" alt="XHTML Validator" /></a></span></td> <td width="25%" align="center" valign="middle"><span class="small">Last updated 07-Jul-2019 <a href="#">Brian Pitkin</a></span></td> <td width="25%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="#TOP"><img src="../Images/up.gif" alt="Top of page" width="21" height="21" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><hr /> </td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>