Key for the identification of the known mines of British
insects (Diptera and non-Diptera) recorded on Solanum
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1# > Leaf-miner: Not distinguishable from the mines of P. betae or P. hyoscyami. |
On Chenopodium and Solanum in Britain, plus Beta elsewhere. Widespread in continental Europe.
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Pegomya
interruptella (Zetterstedt, 1855) [Diptera: Anthomyiidae]. |
1a > Leaf-miner: A distinctive mine primarily above mid-rib, with irregular short
lateral offshoots into leaf blade. Pupation external (Spencer, 1972:
51 (fig. 172), 55; Spencer, 1976:
270, 271 (fig. 486)).
Branched,
whitish, upper-surface corridor; main axis overlying the midrib;
side branches overlying the main lateral veins. (In Campanula and Phyteuma the mine is much less branched, sometimes nothing
more than a corridor on top of the midrib). Frass in rather long
strings. Usually the mines begins as a long and narrow, shallow,
tortuous lower-surface corridor that ends upon the midrib but otherwise
is not associated with the leaf venation. Often this initial corridor
is filled with callus, and then even less conspicuous. Pupation
outside the mine.
A
linear mine on the upper surface, usually following the midrib and
showing side branches along the veins. The frass is in strings. |
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Polyphagous. On more than 40 host genera in 15 families, but not yet on Solanum, in Britain,. Widespread
throughout Britain. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland.
Widespread in continental Europe.
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Liriomyza strigata (Meigen, 1830) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1b > Leaf-miner: A short, irregular, linear upper surface mine on any part of the
leaf. Also recorded from young pods (Bland, 1997a).
Long
corridor mine. As a rule the first part of the mine is lower-surface,
the later part upper-surface. Often the loops are so dense that
a secondary blotch is the result. Because upper- and lower-surface
corridor segments often cross, the mine obtains a strange array
of transparant patches. There is no association with the midrib.
Frass in strings and thread fragments. Pupation outside the mine;
exit slit in upper epidermis.
Mine not associated with the veins or midrib of the leaf (It is this character which enables distinction from another Agromyzid pest species - Liriomyza huidobriensis). The larvae may leave one leaf (if not large enough) and enter another leaf, via the petiole). It exits the leaf to pupate through a semi-circular slit in the upper surface of the leaf. |
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Polyphagous. On 119 plant genera in 31 plant families of which only 4 plant genera in 2 plant families, including Solanum, in Britain. Local, probably introduced
to Britain. Widespread in continental Europe particularly in Botanical
Gardens and glasshouses. Also recorded in Egypt.
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Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach, 1858) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1c > Leaf-miner: Blotch mine, mostly occupying almost the entire leaf,
containing several larvae. |
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On Silene [Caryophyllaceae], Atriplex, Beta, Chenopodium [Chenopodiaceae] and ? Solanum [Solanaceae] in Britain and additional genera of Chenopodiaceae and Solanaceae
elsewhere. Also recorded in continental Europe and the East Palaearctic.
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Pegomya
hyoscyami (Panzer, 1809) [Diptera: Anthomyiidae]. |
1d > Leaf-miner: Similar to the mine of Pegomya
hyoscyami, but differs in the presence of an unusually large
puparium. Probably a better discrimination is the unusually large
clutch size, which is on averge is eleven. |
On Solanum dulcamara in Britain and elsewhere. Recorded from Spanish mainland.
Doubtfully recorded from Germany, Poland and Sweden.
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Pegomya
dulcamarae Wood, 1913 [Diptera: Anthomyiidae]. |
1e > Leaf-miner: Blotch
mines, generally occupying an entire leaf, usually containing several
larvae. Much, half deliquescent, green frass. Mine indistinguishable from P.
exilis or P. hyoscyami. |
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On Atriplex, Beta and ? Polygonum, but not yet on Solanum, in Britain and additionally Silene and Spinacia [Caryophyllaceae], Chenopodium, Atropa, Hyoscyamus and Solanum [Solanaceae] in continental Europe. Widespread in continental Europe including Balearic Is., Canary Is., Czech Republic, Danish
mainland, Finland, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Malta,
Norwegian mainland, Russia (Central), Sweden, East Palaearctic,
Near East, North Africa. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland and the East Palaearctic and Nearctic Regions. (Michelsen in Fauna
Europaea).
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Pegomya
betae (Curtis, 1847) [Diptera: Anthomyiidae]. |
1f > Leaf-miner: The
larvae forms large whitish or translucent blotches.
Rather
large, untidy blotch, full-depth for most of its surface, very transparent,
without feeding lines and without association with midrib or leaf
margin. The larva makes several mines. Often only its anterior part
is inserted in the mine, that remains free of frass then (see https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/yponomeutoidea/glyphipterigidae/acrolepia/acrolepia-autumnitella/). Pupation
outside the mine in a silk cocoon. |
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On Atropa belladona and Solanum dulcamara in Britain
and Atropa belladona, Physalis alkekengi and Solanum
dulcamara elsewhere. Distributed mainly in the southern half
of England, with a few scattered records further north in Britain.
Widespread in continental Europe.
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Acrolepia
autumnitella Curtis, 1838 [Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae] |
1g > Leaf-miner: Large, glassy, irregular blotches without a recognisable preceding
corridor. Frass in a black mass, mainly in the oldest part of
the mine. The larvae move several times, and can also bore in
the stem and underground parts. |
Mine
of Phthorimaea operculella on Solanum nigrum
Image: © Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) |
On Solanum in Britain and Hyoscyamus, Lycopersicon,
Nicotiana and Solanum elsewhere. Distribution in Britain
unknown. Widespread in continental Europe.
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Phthorimaea
operculella (Zeller, 1873) [Lepidoptera:
Gelechiidae]. |
1h > Leaf-miner: Young larvae bore in the midrib that turns somewhat pale and translucent;
from here they make rather small, brownish, wrinkled, not very transparant
blotches. Later they can make blotches that extend further from
the midrib, but often that rather soon take on a boring habit, or
start to live freely upon the plant. Pupation external. |
On Solanum in Britain and elsewhere. Fairly common species throughout
much of Britain. Also
recorded in the Republic of Ireland and continental Europe including Belgium, Danish mainland,
French mainland and The Netherlands
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Scrobipalpa
costella (Humphreys & Westwood, 1845) [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae]. |